Editorial Notes
Amendments
2017—Pub. L. 115–97, § 13303(b)(5), substituted “real property” for “property” in section catchline.
Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–97, § 13303(a), substituted “real property” for “property” wherever appearing.
Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 115–97, § 13303(b)(1)(A), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “This subsection shall not apply to any exchange of—
“(A) stock in trade or other property held primarily for sale,
“(B) stocks, bonds, or notes,
“(C) other securities or evidences of indebtedness or interest,
“(D) interests in a partnership,
“(E) certificates of trust or beneficial interests, or
“(F) choses in action.
For purposes of this section, an interest in a partnership which has in effect a valid election under section 761(a) to be excluded from the application of all of subchapter K shall be treated as an interest in each of the assets of such partnership and not as an interest in a partnership.”
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 115–97, § 13303(b)(2), (3), added subsec. (e) and struck out former subsec. (e). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “For purposes of this section, livestock of different sexes are not property of a like kind.”
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 115–97, § 13303(b)(4), amended subsec. (h) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (h) related to special rules for foreign real and personal property.
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 115–97, § 13303(b)(1)(B), struck out subsec. (i). Text read as follows: “For purposes of subsection (a)(2)(B), the term ‘stocks’ shall not include shares in a mutual ditch, reservoir, or irrigation company if at the time of the exchange—
“(1) the mutual ditch, reservoir, or irrigation company is an organization described in section 501(c)(12)(A) (determined without regard to the percentage of its income that is collected from its members for the purpose of meeting losses and expenses), and
“(2) the shares in such company have been recognized by the highest court of the State in which such company was organized or by applicable State statute as constituting or representing real property or an interest in real property.”
2008—Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 110–246 added subsec. (i).
2005—Subsec. (h)(2)(B). Pub. L. 109–135 substituted “subparagraphs” for “subparagraph” in introductory provisions.
1999—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–36, in last sentence, substituted “assumed (as determined under section 357(d)) a liability of the taxpayer” for “assumed a liability of the taxpayer or acquired from the taxpayer property subject to a liability” and struck out “or acquisition (in the amount of the liability)” after “such assumption”.
1997—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 105–34 amended heading and text of subsec. (h) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “For purposes of this section, real property located in the United States and real property located outside the United States are not property of a like kind.”
1990—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 101–508, § 11703(d)(1), inserted at end “For purposes of this section, an interest in a partnership which has in effect a valid election under section 761(a) to be excluded from the application of all of subchapter K shall be treated as an interest in each of the assets of such partnership and not as an interest in a partnership.”
Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 101–508, § 11701(h), substituted “section 267(b) or 707(b)(1)” for “section 267(b)”.
1989—Subsecs. (f) to (h). Pub. L. 101–239 added subsecs. (f) to (h).
1986—Subsec. (a)(3)(A). Pub. L. 99–514 substituted “on or before the day” for “before the day”.
1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–369, § 77(a), in amending subsec. generally, designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted “No gain or loss shall be recognized on the exchange of property held for productive use in a trade or business or for investment if such property is exchanged solely for property of like kind which is to be held either for productive use in a trade or business or for investment” for “No gain or loss shall be recognized if property held for productive use in trade or business or for investment (not including stock in trade or other property held primarily for sale, nor stocks, bonds, notes, choses in action, certificates of trust or beneficial interest, or other securities or evidences of indebtedness or interest) is exchanged solely for property of a like kind to be held either for productive use in trade or business or for investment”, and added pars. (2) and (3).
1969—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 91–172 added subsec. (e).
1959—Subsecs. (b) to (d). Pub. L. 86–346 inserted references to section 1037(a) in subsecs. (b) and (c) and in first two sentences of subsec. (d).
1958—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 85–866 inserted in first sentence a comma between “exchanged” and “decreased” and “or decreased in the amount of loss”, and substituted in second sentence “subsection” for “paragraph”.
Effective Date of 2017 Amendment
Pub. L. 115–97, title I, § 13303(c), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2124, provided that:
“(1) In general.—
Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, the amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to exchanges completed after December 31, 2017.
“(2) Transition rule.—The amendments made by this section shall not apply to any exchange if—
“(A)
the property disposed of by the taxpayer in the exchange is disposed of on or before December 31, 2017, or
“(B)
the property received by the taxpayer in the exchange is received on or before December 31, 2017.”
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2008 Amendment
Amendment of this section and repeal of Pub. L. 110–234 by Pub. L. 110–246 effective May 22, 2008, the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–234, except as otherwise provided, see section 4 of Pub. L. 110–246, set out as an Effective Date note under section 8701 of Title 7, Agriculture.
Pub. L. 110–234, title XV, § 15342(b), May 22, 2008, 122 Stat. 1518, and Pub. L. 110–246, § 4(a), title XV, § 15342(b), June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1664, 2280, provided that:
“The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to exchanges completed after the date of the enactment of this Act [June 18, 2008].”
[Pub. L. 110–234 and Pub. L. 110–246 enacted identical provisions. Pub. L. 110–234 was repealed by section 4(a) of Pub. L. 110–246, set out as a note under section 8701 of Title 7, Agriculture.]
Effective Date of 1997 Amendment
Pub. L. 105–34, title X, § 1052(b), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 941, provided that:
“(1) In general.—
The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to transfers after June 8, 1997, in taxable years ending after such date.
“(2) Binding contracts.—The amendment made by this section shall not apply to any transfer pursuant to a written binding contract in effect on June 8, 1997, and at all times thereafter before the disposition of property. A contract shall not fail to meet the requirements of the preceding sentence solely because—
“(A)
it provides for a sale in lieu of an exchange, or
“(B)
the property to be acquired as replacement property was not identified under such contract before June 9, 1997.”
Effective Date of 1990 Amendment
Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, § 11701(h), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–508, provided that the amendment made by that section is effective with respect to transfers after Aug. 3, 1990.
Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, § 11703(d)(2), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–517, provided that:
“The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply to transfers after July 18, 1984.”
Effective Date of 1989 Amendment
Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, § 7601(b), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2371, provided that:
“(1) In general.—
Except as provided in paragraph (2), the amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to transfers after July 10, 1989, in taxable years ending after such date.
“(2) Binding contract.—
The amendments made by this section shall not apply to any transfer pursuant to a written binding contract in effect on July 10, 1989, and at all times thereafter before the transfer.”
Effective Date of 1984 Amendment
Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, § 77(b), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 596, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that:
“(1) In general.—
Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, the amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to transfers made after the date of the enactment of this Act [July 18, 1984] in taxable years ending after such date.
“(2) Binding contract exception for transfer of partnership interests.—
Paragraph (2)(D) of section 1031(a) of the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] (as amended by subsection (a)) shall not apply in the case of any exchange pursuant to a binding contract in effect on
March 1, 1984, and at all times thereafter before the exchange.
“(3) Requirement that property be identified within 45 days and that exchange be completed within 180 days.—Paragraph (3) of section 1031(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (as amended by subsection (a)) shall apply—
“(A)
to transfers after the date of the enactment of this Act [July 18, 1984], and
“(B)
to transfers on or before such date of enactment if the property to be received in the exchange is not received before January 1, 1987.
In the case of any transfer on or before the date of the enactment of this Act which the taxpayer treated as part of a like-kind exchange, the period for assessing any deficiency of tax attributable to the amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall not expire before January 1, 1988.
“(4) Special rule where property identified in binding contract.—If the property to be received in the exchange is identified in a binding contract in effect on June 13, 1984, and at all times thereafter before the transfer, paragraph (3) shall be applied—
“(A)
by substituting ‘January 1, 1989’ for ‘January 1, 1987’, and
“(B)
by substituting ‘January 1, 1990’ for ‘January 1, 1988’.
“(5) Special rule for like-kind exchange of partnership interests.—
Paragraph (2)(D) of section 1031(a) of the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (as amended by subsection (a)) shall not apply to any exchange of an interest as general partner pursuant to a plan of reorganization of ownership interest under a contract which took effect on
March 29, 1984, and which was executed on or before
March 31, 1984, but only if all the exchanges contemplated by the reorganization plan are completed on or before
December 31, 1984.”
Effective Date of 1969 Amendment
Pub. L. 91–172, title II, § 212(c)(2), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 571, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that:
“The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years to which the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] applies.”
Plan Amendments Not Required Until January 1, 1989
For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle A or subtitle C of title XI [§§ 1101–1147 and 1171–1177] or title XVIII [§§ 1800–1899A] of Pub. L. 99–514 require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1989, see section 1140 of Pub. L. 99–514, as amended, set out as a note under section 401 of this title.
