In the Matter of Jeremy W.
Alderson,
Respondent,
v.
New York State College of
Agriculture and Life Sciences
at Cornell University, et al.,
Appellants.
2005 NY Int. 16
Since the 19th century, the State of New York and
Cornell University, a private educational institution, have had a
unique partnership relating to the provision of higher
educational services in the State. Under the Education Law, the
University manages four "statutory colleges" that are supported,
In Matter of Stoll v New York State Coll. of Veterinary Medicine at Cornell Univ. (94 2 162 [1999]), we addressed whether Cornell University, as administrator and manager of the statutory colleges, was a state agency subject to the Freedom of Information Law (FOIL) (Public Officers Law, article 6). We began with the proposition that Cornell University is a private educational institution not ordinarily subject to FOIL. That said, we recognized that there were "public aspects" of Cornell's role as steward of the statutory colleges implicating the open government policies underlying FOIL. Noting that the Legislature had vested Cornell University with substantial private discretion over the colleges that placed many of its actions beyond state control, we determined that there remained "public aspects" of Cornell's management function that could, in some circumstances, render Cornell the equivalent of a state agency for purposes of FOIL.
We therefore reviewed the nature of the FOIL request,
concluding that where documents requested relate to subject
matter over which Cornell exercises statutory authority or
control, Cornell is operating in its private capacity and is not
mandated to disclose the requested materials. Thus, in Stoll, we
In this case, we must again determine whether Cornell University must comply with a FOIL request relating to its management of the statutory colleges. The courts below held that Cornell was a state agency for purposes of an inquiry seeking research and financial documents relating to its management of the New York College of Agriculture and Life Sciences and the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station. While we agree that some of the document requests appear to relate to Cornell's receipt of public monies implicating "public aspects" of its management function subject to FOIL, we conclude that others -- those involving prospective and ongoing research projects and activities -- intruded into matters over which Cornell exercises statutory autonomy in its private capacity.
I.
Petitioner Jeremy W. Alderson hosts a talk radio
program in Geneva, New York, that addresses political issues of
local, regional and national interest. Respondent Cornell
University is a private educational institution that operates
In June and July 2000, petitioner submitted FOIL requests for documents relating to research activities and financial matters involving the Agricultural Experiment Station and a proposed Agricultural Technical Park to be built adjacent thereto.[2] Without differentiating among the types of documents requested, Cornell declined to provide any of the items sought on the ground that it was not a state agency subject to FOIL, relying on Stoll.
Petitioner then commenced this proceeding against CALS,
the Station and Cornell, seeking a declaration that they were
required to respond to the FOIL requests. On behalf of all
Supreme Court denied the motion to dismiss and, after further proceedings, ultimately held that Cornell was required to respond to the FOIL requests because the Agricultural Experiment Station was a state agency in that it had been created to fulfill a "public purpose" -- agricultural research. The Appellate Division affirmed and, after an in camera inspection of more than 100 documents on remittal,[3] Supreme Court issued a judgment directing Cornell to turn over most of the requested documents, although some were deemed protected from disclosure under specific FOIL exemptions, such as the trade secret exception ( see Public Officers Law § 87[2][d]).
Cornell appeals from Supreme Court's judgment bringing
up for review the Appellate Division decision holding that
II.
"The Legislature enacted FOIL to provide the public with a means of access to governmental records in order to encourage public awareness and understanding of and participation in government and to discourage official secrecy" ( Matter of Newsday Inc. v Sise, , 71 NY2d 146, 150 [1987], cert denied 486 US 1056 [1988]). The statute mandates disclosure of public records by state agencies, defined as "any state or municipal department . . . or other governmental entity performing a governmental or proprietary function for the state or any one or more municipalities thereof, except the judiciary or the state legislature" (Public Officers Law § 86[3]). "Each agency shall . . . make available for public inspection and copying all records, except that such agency may deny access to records or portions thereof that" fall within one of the enumerated exemptions (Public Officers Law § 87[2]). Where documents are held by a state agency, they are subject to FOIL regardless of the purpose for which they are generated ( see Matter of Citizens for Alternatives to Animal Labs, Inc. v Board of Trustees of State Univ. of N.Y., , 92 NY2d 357, 361 [1998]).
Ordinarily, the question whether a record-holder is a
state agency is relatively straightforward. For example, we have
held that SUNY, a public university, is a state agency subject to
Due to the unique, sui generis nature of the statutory
colleges and the blend of public/private activities undertaken by
Cornell as it carries out its educational mission, we concluded
in Stoll that it was necessary to depart from the general rule
that the function to which a document relates is irrelevant under
FOIL. We therefore held that the activity underlying the FOIL
request is significant in deciding whether Cornell may be deemed
a state agency required to disclose documents relating to the
statutory colleges. Because the relationship between the State
and Cornell is governed by statute, courts must look to the
legislative scheme to determine whether the subject matter of the
FOIL request involves private matters beyond the reach of the
statute or the more public aspects of the statutory colleges
The FOIL request at issue in Stoll was submitted by the attorney of a Cornell University professor who had been disciplined by the University for having sexually harassed several female students. Petitioner sought copies of any complaints filed under the University's Campus Code of Conduct by or against any professor, administrator or student at any of the statutory colleges. All four statutory colleges were named in the request, including CALS, one of the institutions at issue in this case. To resolve whether the documents were subject to FOIL, this Court focused on the activity to which the documents related -- the maintenance of discipline at the statutory colleges. The Court then reviewed the statutes defining the State's relationship with Cornell to determine whether the activity involved a private function committed to Cornell's discretion or a public matter over which the State had retained some authority or control. Noting that the Legislature had expressly granted Cornell "discretion over the 'maintenance of discipline' at the four statutory colleges ( see Education Law § 5711[2]; § 5712[2]; § 5714[3]; § 5715[6])" ( Stoll, 94 NY2d at 167), the Court concluded that the disciplinary records sought related to private matters not subject to disclosure under FOIL.
It is evident from our decision in Stoll that the issue
is not, as petitioner suggests, whether the Agricultural
Experiment Station or the proposed Agricultural Technical Park
Here, petitioner sought documents or correspondence relating to tenants of the proposed Agricultural Technical Park, current field research tests of genetically modified organism crops being conducted at the Agricultural Experiment Station, compliance by the University with federal research safety protocols for biotechnology (particularly field-testing of genetically modified organisms), and financial reports or records showing the source of all monies received by the Agricultural Experiment Station and its financial status. The document requests therefore fall into two categories: those pertaining to research and other academic activities at the Agricultural Experiment Station and proposed Agricultural Technical Park, and those involving financial records and expenditures or sources of funding.
As to the first category, the courts below erred in
concluding the documents were subject to FOIL. Education Law § 5712, the enabling legislation for CALS, provides that Cornell
University "shall . . . administer the said college of
Consistent with these statutory directives, Cornell's submissions indicate that the University in fact exercises complete autonomy and control over research and academic activities at the statutory colleges, including CALS and the Agricultural Experiment Station. Neither the SUNY trustees nor any other state agency participate in decisions relating to prospective or ongoing research pursuits. Because Cornell is vested by statute with broad authority over all "matters pertaining to . . . educational policies, activities and operations, including research work" at CALS and the Agricultural Experiment Station, documents relating to those activities involve a private function and are therefore not subject to FOIL.
With respect to petitioner's request for financial and
Due to the limited nature of respondents' appeal and
the fact that the documents submitted for in camera review are
not part of the record before this Court, we are unable to
determine which of the produced documents relate to proposed and
ongoing research activities, thereby falling within Cornell's
private management sphere and outside the scope of FOIL, and
which are financial documents relating to the expenditure of
Accordingly, the judgment appealed from and the order of the Appellate Division brought up for review should be modified, without costs, and this matter remitted to Supreme Court for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion and, as so modified, affirmed.
Footnotes
1 The University is composed of 18 academic units, four of which are "statutory or contract colleges" as defined in Education Law § 350(3), meaning they are "[c]olleges furnishing higher education, operated by independent institutions on behalf of the state pursuant to statute or contractual agreements." In addition to CALS, Cornell manages the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, the New York State College of Human Ecology, and the New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations ( see Education Law § 5711, § 5714, § 5715).
2 In the petition filed in December 2000, petitioner alleged that Cornell was considering the development of an Agricultural Technical Park and surmised that creation of the park would require action by the Legislature and the expenditure of public funds. The record does not indicate the present status of the Agricultural Technical Park.
3 The specific documents have not been made part of the record on appeal to this Court.
4 The Legislature has cabined the manner in which some public funds are spent, directing, for example, that Cornell expend federal funds provided for agricultural research in a specific proportion, with 9/10ths applied for the use of CALS and 1/10th for the use of the Agricultural Experiment Station ( see Education Law § 5713[4]).
5 After its unsuccessful appeal to the Appellate Division, Cornell produced 134 documents for in camera review and Supreme Court applied the FOIL exemptions and issued a judgment directing respondent to turn over particular documents. Petitioner did not appeal from the judgment of Supreme Court and Cornell's appeal in this Court is limited to challenging the Appellate Division's categorical determination that it is a state agency subject to FOIL for purposes of each of petitioner's document requests ( see CPLR 5602 [a][1][ii]). In other words, although Cornell contended that the documents relating to its research activities were not subject to FOIL (a point with which we agree), neither party has challenged Supreme Court's application of the FOIL exemptions. Thus, we have no occasion to address it.