SECTION I
QUALIFICATIONS
A. Good moral character.
B. Completion of an approved high school
course of study or the equivalent as determined by the appropriate educational
agency.
C. Completion of the
required approved nursing education program. (LPN and LPTN requirements may be
waived if applicant is determined to be otherwise qualified.)
D. The Arkansas State Board of Nursing (ASBN)
may refuse to admit to the examination any candidate and refuse to issue a
license, certificate, or registration to any applicant if the license, practice
privilege, certificate, or registration of such person has been revoked or
suspended or placed on probation and not reinstated by the jurisdiction which
took such action.
E. Effective
January 1, 2000, no person shall be eligible to receive or hold a license
issued by the Board if that person has pleaded guilty or nolo contendere to, or
been found guilty by any court in the State of Arkansas, or of any similar
offense by a court in another state, or of any similar offense by a federal
court of any offense listed in ACA §
17-87-312.
SECTION II
EXAMINATION
A.
ELIGIBILITY
The applicant shall meet the licensure requirements of the
Board.
B.
APPLICATION
1. Applications for
examination shall be completed, certified, and filed with the Board prior to
the examination.
2. One 2x3-inch
photograph, signed by the applicant, shall be filed with the
application.
3. Examination
applications shall be notarized. The application shall not be acceptable if the
director or chairman of an educational program has certified the applicant
prior to date of completion.
4.
Applicants for licensure by examination shall not be deemed eligible to take
the licensure examination until such time that the results of the state and
federal criminal background checks have been received.
C.
FEE
1. The examination fee shall accompany the
application.
2. The examination fee
(first time or retake) is not refundable.
3. The fees for the state and federal
criminal background checks are the responsibility of the applicant and shall be
submitted to the Arkansas State Police with the application for same.
4. The fees are determined by the Arkansas
State Police and the FBI and are not refundable.
D.
PASSING SCORE
The passing score on the licensure examination shall be
determined by the Board.
E.
FAILING SCORE AND ELIGIBILITY TO RETAKE THE EXAMINATION
1. Any applicant whose score falls below the
passing score shall fail the examination.
2. Persons failing the examination will be
responsible for preparing to retake the examination.
3. The frequency and number of retests by
unsuccessful candidates shall be determined by the Board.
4. Applicants retaking the examination shall
have state and federal criminal background checks within the past twelve months
on file with the Board.
F.
RESULTS
1. Examination results shall not be released
until a copy of the applicant's transcript is received from the
school.
2. Examination results
shall be mailed to all applicants and to their respective schools.
G.
INTERNATIONALLY EDUCATED
NURSES
1. The applicant must present
evidence of:
a. Graduation from an approved or
accredited school of nursing. The Board may waive this requirement for LPN and
LPTN applicants provided they are otherwise qualified.
b. Licensure or proof of eligibility for
licensure in the country of graduation.
c. Theory and practice in medical, surgical,
pediatric, obstetric, and psychiatric nursing which is substantially similar in
length and content to that in equivalent Arkansas Board approved nursing
programs at the time of application as verified by a credentials review
agency.
d. State and federal
criminal background checks within the past twelve months on file with the
Board.
e. Credentials review that
includes verification of the candidate's education, training, experience, and
licensure with respect to the statutory and regulatory requirements for the
nursing profession, as well as oral and written competence in
English.
2. LPN
applicants must have evidence of all the foregoing with the exception of
psychiatric nursing, in which theory only is required.
3. Transcripts and certificates which are not
in English must be accompanied by a certified translation.
4. Applicants shall be required to take such
licensure examinations as required of Arkansas Board approved nursing
programs.
H.
EQUIVALENCIES
1. LPN to LPTN:
Candidates holding LPN licensure may, with the approval of the Board's
representative, take the requisite psychiatric nursing courses in a Board
approved LPTN program to meet the Board's requirements for LPTN licensure by
examination at the time of application.
2. LPTN to LPN: Candidates holding LPTN
licensure who completed Arkansas Board approved LPTN programs after March 18,
1980, may be admitted to the LPN licensure examination provided they are
otherwise qualified.
3. RN
examination failures: Graduates of Board approved RN programs, upon submission
of an official transcript directly from the school, and a copy of their RN
examination failure results, may be admitted to the LPN licensure examination
provided they are otherwise qualified.
4. Portion of RN Program: Candidates who have
completed equivalent courses in a state approved program of nursing may be
admitted to the LPN licensure examination provided they are otherwise
qualified. Evidence must be provided verifying successful completion of
classroom instruction and clinical practice substantially similar to the
minimum requirements for practical nursing programs.
SECTION III
INTERSTATE NURSE LICENSURE COMPACT
A.
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS IN THE
COMPACT
For the purpose of the Compact:
1. "Board" means party state's regulatory
body responsible for issuing nurse licenses.
2. "Information system" means the coordinated
licensure information system.
3.
"Primary state of residence" means the state of a person's declared fixed
permanent and principal home for legal purposes; domicile.
4. "Public" means any individual or entity
other than designated staff or representatives of party state Boards or the
National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc.
5. "Alternative program" means a voluntary,
non-disciplinary monitoring program approved by a nurse licensing
board.
6. "Coordinated Licensure
Information System" means an integrated process for collecting, storing, and
sharing information on nurse licensure and enforcement activities related to
nurse licensure laws, which is administered by a non-profit organization
composed of state nurse licensing boards.
7. "Home state" means the party state which
is the nurse's primary state of residence.
8. "Multi-state licensure privilege" means
current, official authority from a remote state permitting the practice of
nursing as either a registered nurse or a licensed practical/vocational nurse
in such party state.
9. "Nurse"
means a registered nurse or licensed practical nurse, as those terms are
defined by each party's state practice laws.
10. "Party state" means any state that has
adopted this Compact.
11. "Remote
state" means a party state, other than the home state,
(a) where the patient is located at the time
nursing care is provided, or,
(b)
in the case of the practice of nursing not involving a patient, in such party
state where the recipient of nursing practice is located.
12. "Current significant investigative
information" means:
(a) investigative
information that a licensing board, after a preliminary inquiry that includes
notification and an opportunity for the nurse to respond if required by state
law, has reason to believe is not groundless and, if proved true, would
indicate more than a minor infraction; or
(b) investigative information that indicates
that the nurse represents an immediate threat to public health and safety
regardless of whether the nurse has been notified and had an opportunity to
respond.
13. Licensed
Practical Nurse or Licensed Vocational Nurse means a person who has been
licensed as an LPN or LVN by a party state licensing board.
Other terms used in these rules are to be defined as in the
Interstate Compact.
B.
ISSUANCE OF A LICENSE BY A COMPACT
PARTY STATE
For the purpose of this Compact:
1. A nurse applying for a license in a home
party state shall produce evidence of the nurses' primary state of residence.
Such evidence shall include a declaration signed by the licensee. Further
evidence that may be requested may include but is not limited to:
a. Driver's license with a home
address;
b. Voter registration card
displaying a home address; or c. Federal income tax return declaring the
primary state of residence.
2. A nurse changing primary state of
residence, from one party state to another party state, may continue to
practice under the former home state license and multistate licensure privilege
during the processing of the nurse's licensure application in the new home
state for a period not to exceed thirty (30) days.
3. The licensure application in the new home
state of a nurse under pending investigation by the former home state shall be
held in abeyance and the thirty (30) day period in section B.2. shall be stayed
until resolution of the pending investigation.
4. The former home state license shall no
longer be valid upon the issuance of a new home state license.
5. If a decision is made by the new home
state denying licensure, the new home state shall notify the former home state
within ten (10) business days and the former home state may take action in
accordance with that state's laws and rules.
6. Party states shall recognize and honor
either the LPN or LVN title used for Licensed Practical Nurses and Licensed
Vocational Nurses, respectively.
7.
No applicant for initial licensure will be issued a compact license granting a
multi-state privilege to practice unless the applicant first obtains a passing
score on the applicable NCLEX examination or any predecessor examination used
for licensure.
C.
LIMITATIONS ON MULTISTATE LICENSURE PRIVILEGE
Home state Boards shall include in all licensure disciplinary
orders and/or agreements that limit practice and/or require monitoring the
requirement that the licensee subject to said order and/or agreement will agree
to limit the licensee's practice to the home state during the pendency of the
disciplinary order and/or agreement. This requirement may, in the alternative,
allow the nurse to practice in other party states with prior written
authorization from both the home state and such other party state
Boards.
D.
INFORMATION SYSTEM
1. Levels of
access
a. The public shall have access to
nurse licensure information limited to:
(1)
The nurse's name;
(2)
Jurisdiction(s) of licensure;
(3)
License expiration date(s);
(4)
Licensure classification(s) and status(es);
(5) Public emergency and final disciplinary
actions, as defined by contributing state authority; and
(6) The status of multistate licensure
privileges.
b. Non-party
state Boards shall have access to all Information System data except current
significant investigative information and other information as limited by
contributing party state authority.
c. Party state Boards shall have access to
all Information System data contributed by the party states and other
information as limited by contributing non-party state authority.
2. The licensee may request in
writing to the home state Board to review the data relating to the licensee in
the Information System. In the event a licensee asserts that any data relating
to him or her is inaccurate, the burden of proof shall be upon the licensee to
provide evidence that substantiates such claim. The Board shall verify and
within ten (10) business days correct inaccurate data to the Information
System.
3. The Board shall report
to the Information System within ten (10) business days:
a. Disciplinary action, agreement, or order
requiring participation in alternative programs or which limit practice or
require monitoring (except agreements and orders relating to participation in
alternative programs required to remain nonpublic by contributing state
authority);
b. Dismissal of
complaint, and c. Changes in status of disciplinary action, or licensure
encumbrance.
4. Current
significant investigative information shall be deleted from the Information
System within ten (10) business days upon report of disciplinary action,
agreement, or order requiring participation in alternative programs or
agreements which limit practice or require monitoring or dismissal of a
complaint.
5. Changes to licensure
information in the Information System shall be completed within ten (10)
business days upon notification by a Board.
SECTION IV
ENDORSEMENT
A.
ELIGIBILITY
1. An applicant for licensure by endorsement
must meet the requirements of the Board at the time of graduation.
2. An applicant licensed in another state
after January 1950 must have taken a state board licensing examination and
achieved a passing score.
3. LPTN
applicants will be accepted from California and Kansas only.
4. Internationally educated nurses practicing
in other states may appeal to the Board for licensure if not otherwise
qualified.
B.
EQUIVALENCIES
1. RN examination
failures: Graduates of Board approved RN programs, holding LPN licensure by
examination in other jurisdictions, may be endorsed provided they are otherwise
qualified.
2. Canadian Registered
Nurses licensed by NLN State Board Test Pool Examination in the following
provinces during the years indicated: Alberta, 1952-1970; British Columbia,
1949-1970; Manitoba, 1955-1970; Newfoundland, 1961-1970; Nova Scotia,
1955-1970; Prince Edward Island, 1956-1970; Quebec (English language),
1959-1970; and Saskatchewan, 1956-1970. These applicants may be endorsed
provided they are otherwise qualified.
3. Portion of RN Program: Candidates who have
completed equivalent courses in a state approved program of nursing may be
endorsed provided they are otherwise qualified. Evidence must be provided
verifying successful completion of classroom instruction and clinical practice
substantially similar to the minimum requirements for practical nursing
programs.
C.
APPLICATION
1. Applications must
be completed, certified, accompanied by a 2x3-inch photograph signed by the
applicant, and filed with the Board.
2. Endorsement certification will be accepted
from the state of original licensure only.
3. Applicants for licensure by endorsement
shall not be issued a permanent license to practice until such time that the
results of the state and federal criminal background checks have been
received.
D.
FEE
1. The endorsement fee must
accompany the application.
2. The
fees for the state and federal criminal background checks are the
responsibility of the applicant and shall be submitted to the Arkansas State
Police with the application for same.
3. The fees are not refundable.
SECTION V
CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECK
A. No application for issuance of an initial
license will be considered without state and federal criminal background checks
by the Arkansas State Police and the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
B. Each applicant shall sign a release of
information on the criminal background check application and licensure
applications and shall be solely responsible for the payment of any fees
associated with the state and federal criminal background checks to the
Arkansas State Police.
C. Upon
completion of the state and federal criminal background checks, the
Identification Bureau of the Arkansas State Police shall forward all
information obtained concerning the applicant in the commission of any offense
listed in ACA §
17-87-312.
D. The state and federal criminal background
checks conducted by the Arkansas State Police and the Federal Bureau of
Investigation shall have been completed no earlier than twelve (12) months
prior to the application for an initial license issued by the ASBN and at any
other time thereafter that the Board deems necessary.
E. The ASBN shall not issue a permanent
license until the state and federal criminal background checks conducted by the
Arkansas State Police and the Federal Bureau of Investigation have been
completed.
F. A request to seek
waiver of the denial of licensure pursuant to the provisions of ACA §
17-87-312
may be made to the ASBN by:
1. The affected
applicant for licensure; or
2. The
person holding a license subject to revocation.
G. The request for a waiver shall be made in
writing to the Executive Director or the designee within thirty (30) calendar
days after notification of denial of a license. The request for waiver shall
include, but not be limited to the following:
1. Certified copy of court records indicating
grounds for conviction; and
2. Any
other pertinent documentation to indicate surrounding circumstances.
H. If an individual notifies ASBN
in writing that he or she desires a hearing regarding their request for a
waiver, the ASBN will schedule the individual for a hearing pursuant to the
Arkansas Administrative Procedures Act.
I. In compliance with Act 1393 of 2003,
whenever a criminal background check is performed on a person under the
provisions of the criminal background check requirement contained in the
Arkansas Code for licensure, the person may be disqualified for licensure if it
is determined that the person committed a violation of any sexual offense
formerly proscribed under ACA §§
5-14-101 through
5-14-127
that is substantially equivalent to any sexual offense presently listed in
Arkansas Code §§
5-14-101 through
5-14-127
and is an offense screened for in a criminal background check.
SECTION VI
TEMPORARY PERMITS
A.
ENDORSEMENT AND EXAM
APPLICANTS
1. ASBN shall be authorized
to issue a temporary permit for a period not exceeding six months. This
temporary permit shall be issued only to those applicants who meet all other
qualifications for licensure by the ASBN.
2. The temporary permit shall immediately
become invalid upon receipt of information obtained from the state or federal
criminal background check indicating any offense listed in ACA §
17-87-312
or upon notification to the applicant or ASBN of results on the first licensure
examination he or she is eligible to take after the permit is issued.
3. Falsification of the applicant's criminal
record history shall be grounds for disciplinary action by the Board.
B.
FEES AND
APPLICATIONS
1. The temporary permit
fee shall be submitted with the application.
2. The fee is not refundable.
SECTION VII
CONTINUING EDUCATION
Each person holding an active license or applying for
reinstatement of a license under the provisions of the Nurse Practice
Act shall be required to complete certain continuing education
requirements prior to licensure renewal or reinstatement.
A.
DECLARATION OF COMPLIANCE
Each nurse shall declare his or her compliance with the
requirements for continuing education at the time of license renewal or
reinstatement. The declaration shall be made on the form supplied by the
Board.
B.
AUDITS OF
LICENSEES
1. The Board shall perform
random audits of licensees for compliance with the continuing education
requirement.
2. If audited, the
licensee shall prove participation in the required continuing education during
the 24-months immediately preceding the renewal date by presenting photocopies
of original certificates of completion to the Board.
3. The licensee shall provide evidence of
continuing education requirements within thirty (30) calendar days from the
mailing date of the audit notification letter sent from the Board to the last
known address of the licensee.
C.
CONTINUING EDUCATION REQUIREMENT
STANDARDS
1. Standards for Renewal of
Active Licensure Status. Licensees who hold an active nursing license shall
document completion of one of the following during each renewal period:
a. Fifteen (15) practice focused contact
hours from a nationally recognized or state continuing education approval body
recognized by the ASBN; or
b.
Certification or re-certification during the renewal period by a national
certifying body recognized by the ASBN; or
c. An academic course in nursing or related
field; and
d. Provide other
evidence as requested by the Board.
2. Standards for Nurses on Inactive Status.
Nurses who have their license placed on inactive status have no requirements
for continuing education.
3.
Standards for Reinstatement of Active Licensure Status
a. Nurses reinstating a nursing license to
active status after five years or less shall document completion of the
following within the past two (2) years:
i)
Twenty (20) practice focused contact hours within the past two years from a
nationally recognized or state continuing education approval body recognized by
the ASBN, or
ii) Certification or
re-certification by a national certifying body recognized by the ASBN;
or
iii) An academic course in
nursing or related field; and/or
iv) Provide other evidence as requested by
the Board,
b. Nurses
reinstating a nursing license to active status after greater than five years
shall document completion of the following within the past two (2) years:
i) Twenty (20) practice focused contact hours
within the past two years from a nationally recognized or state continuing
education approval body recognized by the Arkansas State Board of Nursing,
or
ii) Certification or
re-certification by a national certifying body recognized by the ASBN;
or
iii) An academic course in
nursing or related field; and
iv) A
refresher course approved by the ASBN; or
v) An employer competency orientation
program, and
vi) Provide other
evidence as requested by the Board
4. The Board may issue a temporary permit to
a nurse during the time enrolled in a Board approved nursing refresher course
or an employer competency orientation program upon submission of an
application, fees, and verification of enrollment in such program.
5. Continuing education hours beyond the
required contact hours shall not be "carried over" to the next renewal
period.
D.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE INDIVIDUAL LICENSEE
1. It shall be the responsibility of each
licensee to select and participate in those continuing activities that will
meet the criteria for acceptable continuing education as specified in ACA
§
17-87-207
and these rules.
2. It shall be the
licensee's responsibility to maintain records of continuing education as well
as documented proof such as original certificates of attendance, contact hour
certificates, academic transcripts or grade slips and to submit copies of this
evidence when requested by the Board.
3. Records shall be maintained by the
licensee for a minimum of two consecutive renewal periods or four
years.
E.
RECOGNITION OF PROVIDERS
1. The
Board shall identify organizations, agencies, and groups that shall be
recognized as valid approval bodies/providers of nursing continuing education.
The recognition may include providers approved by national organizations and
state agencies with comparable standards.
2. The Board shall work with professional
organizations, approved nursing schools, and other providers of continuing
educational programs to ensure that continuing education activities are
available to nurses in Arkansas.
F.
ACTIVITIES ACCEPTABLE FOR CONTINUING
EDUCATION
1. Activities presented by
recognized providers which may be acceptable include: national/ regional
educational conferences, classroom instruction, individualized instruction
(home study/programmed instruction), academic courses, and institutional based
instruction; and
2. The educational
activity shall be at least one contact hour in length.
3. The content shall be relevant to nursing
practice and provide for professional growth of the licensee.
4. If participation is in an academic course
or other program in which grades are given, a grade equivalent to "C" or better
shall be required, or "pass" on a pass/fail grading system. An academic course
may also be taken as "audit", provided that class attendance is verified by the
instructor.
G.
ACTIVITIES WHICH ARE NOT ACCEPTABLE AS CONTINUING EDUCATION
1. In-service programs. Activities intended
to assist the nurse to acquire, maintain, and/or increase the competence in
fulfilling the assigned responsibilities specific to the expectations of the
employer.
2. Refresher courses.
Programs designed to update basic general knowledge and clinical practice,
which consist of a didactic and clinical component to ensure entry-level
competencies into nursing practice.
3. Orientation programs. A program by which
new staff are introduced to the philosophy, goals, policies, procedures, role
expectations, physical facilities, and special services in a specific work
setting. Orientation is provided at the time of employment and at other times
when changes in roles and responsibilities occur in a specific work
setting.
4. Courses designed for
lay people.
H.
INDIVIDUAL REVIEW OF A CONTINUING EDUCATION ACTIVITY PROVIDED BY A
NON-RECOGNIZED AGENCY/ORGANIZATION
1.
A licensee may request an individual review by:
a. Submitting an "Application for Individual
Review"; and
b. Paying a
fee.
2. Approval of a
non-recognized continuing educational activity shall be limited to the specific
event under consideration.
I.
FAILURE TO COMPLY
1. Any licensee who fails to complete
continuing education or who falsely certifies completion of continuing
education shall be subject to disciplinary action, non-renewal of the nurse's
license, or both, pursuant to ACA §
17-87-207
and A.C.A §
17-87-309(a)(1)
and (a)(6).
2. If the Board determines that a licensee
has failed to comply with continuing education requirements, the licensee will:
a. Be allowed to meet continuing education
requirements within ninety (90) days of notification of
non-compliance.
b. Be assessed a
late fee for each contact hour that requirements are not met after the ninety
(90) day grace period and be issued a Letter of Reprimand. Failure to pay the
fee may result in further disciplinary action.
SECTION VIII
RENEWALS
A. Each person licensed under the provisions
of the
Nurse Practice Act shall renew biennially.
1. Thirty (30) days prior to the expiration
date, the Board shall mail a renewal application to the last known address of
each nurse to whom a license was issued or renewed during the current
period.
2. The application shall be
completed before the license renewal is processed.
3. The fee for renewal shall accompany the
application.
4. The fee is not
refundable.
5. Pursuant to Act 996
of 2003 and upon written request and submission of appropriate documentation,
members of the Armed Forces of the United States who are Arkansas residents and
are ordered to active duty to a duty station located outside of this state
shall be allowed an extension without penalty or assessment of a late fee for
renewing the service members nursing license. The extension shall be effective
for the period that the service member is serving on active duty at a duty
station located outside of this state and for a period not to exceed six months
after the service member returns to the state.
B.
LAPSED LICENSE
1. The license is lapsed if not renewed or
placed in inactive status by the expiration date.
2. Failure to receive the renewal notice at
the last address of record in the Board office shall not relieve the licensee
of the responsibility for renewing the license by the expiration
date.
3. Any licensee whose license
has lapsed shall file a renewal application and pay the current renewal fee and
the late fee.
4. Any person
practicing nursing during the time his or her license has lapsed shall be
considered an illegal practitioner and shall be subject to the penalties
provided for violation of the Nurse Practice Act.
C.
INACTIVE STATUS
1. Any licensee in good standing, who desires
to retire temporarily from the practice of nursing in this state, shall submit
a request in writing and the current license shall be placed on inactive status
from the date of expiration.
2.
While inactive, the licensee shall not practice nursing nor be subject to the
payment of renewal fees.
3. When
the licensee desires to resume practice, he or she shall request a renewal
application, which shall be completed and submitted with a reinstatement fee
and the renewal fee and must meet those requirements outlined in Section
VII.
4. When disciplinary proceedings have been
initiated against an inactive licensee, the license shall not be reinstated
until the proceedings have been completed.
D.
RETIRED NURSE
1. Any licensee in good standing, who desires
to retire for any length of time from the practice of nursing in this state,
shall submit a request in writing, surrender the current license, and pay the
required fee and the current license shall be placed on inactive status and a
retired license issued.
2. A
retired license shall be renewed biennially following submission of a renewal
application and fee.
3. Fees are
non-refundable.
4. While retired,
the licensee shall not practice nursing, however:
a. A registered nurse with a retired license
may use the title "Registered Nurse", or the abbreviation "RN"; and
b. A practical nurse with a retired license
may use the title "Licensed Practice Nurse", or the abbreviation "LPN";
and
c. A psychiatric technician
nurse with a retired license may use the title "Licensed Psychiatric Technician
Nurse", or the abbreviation "LPTN".
5. When the licensee desires to resume
practice, he or she shall request a renewal application, which shall be
completed and submitted with a reinstatement fee and the active renewal fee.
The licensee must also meet those requirements outlined in Section
VII.
6. If the retired license is allowed to
lapse, the licensee shall not hold himself or herself out as an RN, LPN, or
LPTN and shall pay a reinstatement fee in addition to the fee required for
renewal of the retired license.
7.
When disciplinary proceedings have been initiated against a retired licensee,
the license shall not be reinstated until the proceedings have been
completed.
E. The
licensee may be required to submit to a state and federal criminal background
check if the Board deems it necessary.
SECTION IX
DUPLICATE
LICENSE
A. A duplicate
license or certificate shall be issued when the licensee submits a statement to
the Board that the document is lost, stolen, or destroyed, and pays the
required fee.
B. The license will
be marked "duplicate".
SECTION
X
CERTIFICATION/VERIFICATION TO ANOTHER
JURISDICTION
Upon payment of a certification/verification fee, a nurse seeking
licensure in another state may have a certified statement of Arkansas licensure
issued to the Board of Nursing in that state.
SECTION XI
NAME OR ADDRESS
CHANGE
A. A licensee,
whose name is legally changed, shall be issued a replacement license following
submission of the current license, along with a notarized statement, copy of
marriage license, or court action, and the required fee.
B. A licensee, whose address changes from the
address appearing on the current license, shall immediately notify the Board in
writing of the change.