All community water systems proposed for construction or
expansion in accordance with Section
16-262m
of the General Statutes of Connecticut shall be designed substantially in
accordance with the technical standards enumerated herein.
(a) For the purposes of this Section and
Sections
16-262m-5,
16-262m-6
and
16-262m-7
inclusive, the following definitions shall apply:
(1) "Anticipated Average Daily Demand" shall
mean the estimated normal water usage of the system as determined for the most
representative 24 hour period of record not affected by unusual demand
conditions such as drought or a significant temporary increase in
demand;
(2) "Peak Hour Demand"
shall mean largest hourly volume of water consumed and shall be considered ? of
the average daily demand;
(3)
"Design Population" shall mean the estimated number of people per service
connection, calculated as follows, unless specific circumstances dictate
otherwise:
Type of service
|
Design Population Per Service
Connection
|
Single family dwelling
|
4
|
(Over 3 bedrooms add 1 person per additional
bedroom)
|
Multi-dwelling (i.e. apartments, elderly housing
duplexes, townhouses and, residential condominiums
|
One bedroom unit
|
2
|
Two bedroom unit
|
3
|
Three bedroom unit
|
4
|
(over 3 bedrooms add 1 person per additional
bedroom)
|
Mobile Homes or Trailers
|
2.5
|
Convalescent Homes
|
Use Number of Beds
|
All other components described in
16-262m-1(a)
|
Use Estimated Population
|
(4)
"Safe Daily Yield of a Water Supply System" shall mean the amount of water
which can be delivered to the system from all the system sources at the safe
yield rate simultaneously in an 18 hour period expressed in gallons per
day;
(5) "Safe Yield of a Well"
shall be calculated as follows:
(A)
Unconsolidated aquifer ground water sources. The safe yield shall be based on
an analysis of the impact of minimum water table elevations projected in a dry
period on the yield of the well(s) and an analysis of critical impacts such as
decreased stream flow or induction of pollutants.
(B) Confined and bedrock aquifer ground water
sources. Safe yield shall be equal to 90% of the hourly yield of the well
multiplied by 18 hours of pumping per day except that the safe yield may be
less when utilization of this yield will have unacceptable impacts or when
historical reports or other information indicates that the safe yield is less.
Hourly well yield shall be based on a pump test during which the cone of
depression caused by the pumping of the well shall be stabilized for at least
24 hours;
(6) "Source"
shall mean any Department of Health Services approved well, spring, reservoir
or other location where water is siphoned, pumped, channeled or drawn for use
in a potable water supply;
(7)
"Source of Pollution" shall mean any place from which stems or condition which
may cause pollution of a ground or surface water supply. It may include but not
be restricted to a watercourse including any stream, pond, lake or river;
privy; subsurface sewage disposal system; cemeteries; sanitary landfill; sewage
lagoon; industrial waste disposal location; sanitary or storm sewers; or a
buried oil or gasoline storage tank;
(8) "Well Pump Capacity" shall mean the
maximum quantity of water the well pump can supply under normal operating
conditions. The pump capacity shall not exceed the safe yield of the
well;
(9) "Yield of a Well" shall
mean the amount of groundwater which can be withdrawn from a well as determined
by the yield test. The yield of a well is expressed as gallons per minute
(gpm);
(10) "Service Pipe," as used
herein shall mean the pipe that runs between the curb stop, at or adjacent to
the street line or the customer's property line, and the customer's place of
consumption.
(b)
Facility location. These include such items as, but not limited
to, treatment plants, pumping stations, storage tanks, etc., but do not include
water intakes and connecting pipelines.
New facilities are to be located:
(1) Above the level of the one hundred year
flood and not within the floodway boundary as established on flood boundary and
floodway mapping prepared pursuant to the federal flood insurance program;
(2) Where chlorine gas will not be
stored or used within three hundred feet of any residence; and
(3) Where the facility is not likely to be
subject to fires or other natural or manmade disasters.
(c) The following equations are to be used
when determining the design population and water demand of the community water
system. Where unusual circumstances exist, the Department of Public Utility
Control and Department of Health Services will determine the appropriateness of
these equations.
(1) Design Population Served
= number of service connections x number of people per service;
(2) Average Daily Demand = population served
x 75 gallons per person per day;
(3) Peak Hour Demand = average daily demand x
?.
(d)
Water
Supply requirements:
(1) Each community
water system shall be designed to furnish and maintain sufficient facilities to
provide a continuous and adequate supply of water; and there shall be at least
a 15% margin of safety maintained between the system's safe daily yield and
anticipated average daily demand. Unless other acceptable provisions are made
to assure continuous service, the community water system should be able to meet
the anticipated average daily demand with its largest well and/or pump out of
service;
(2) For a system utilizing
only groundwater supplies, a minimum of 2 well sources shall be
provided;
(3) All wells shall be
subjected to a minimum 72-hour yield test, by a qualified well yield tester,
such that at a constant pumped discharge rate, the drawdown level has
stabilized for at least a 24-hour period. The pump must run continuously during
the yield test for the entire 72 hour period irregardless of the anticipated
well yield. The following items must be recorded and measured during the test:
(A) Static water level before
pumping;
(B) Date, time, pump rate
and drawdown (at least hourly);
(C)
Time and water levels after pump has been shut down until well has
recovered;
(D) Each well shall have
a drawdown curve plotted from the results of the yield test, with the tester's
established safe daily yield at its stabilized drawdown certified and printed
thereon. Suitable provisions shall be made in cases of wells that are located
in close proximity to each other and subject to "interference." In such cases a
simultaneous pumping of each well shall be required;
(E) Whenever possible, the pump test shall be
performed during the summer months and should be conducted during a time period
absent of precipitation or as reasonably close to non-precipitation as
possible;
(F) Suitable provisions
including data from observation wells shall be made in cases of wells located
in close proximity to wetlands, drainage ways, or watercourses in order to
quantify the effect of induced recharge on flows in such wetlands, drainage
ways or watercourses;
(4) All wells, especially deep drilled rock
wells, are subject to diminution of their yields after a period of time.
Therefore, they should be periodically monitored for possible loss of yield,
and scheduled for an appropriate maintenance program when conditions dictate.
When new wells are added at a future date, especially in the vicinity of
existing wells, suitable measures shall be taken to ascertain potential loss of
yield from the adjacent wells simultaneously with the yield testing of the new
wells;
(5) Reserve well site
property is required and must be shown on the final map;
(6) There shall be a safe yield capacity
sufficient to supply 75 gallons per person per day and at least 15% additional
supply to maintain an adequate margin of safety and be able to accommodate
adjacent growth in the future.
(e)
Source Protection:
(1) The following
minimum
separating distances are required by Public Health Code Sections
19-13-B51 and
19-13-B103 (Technical Standards).
Item
|
Minimum Distances*
|
Under 10 gpm
|
10-50 gpm
|
Over 50 gpm
|
(A)
|
Septic system, buried oil tanks or other sources of
pollution
|
75'
|
150'
|
200'
|
(B)
|
Cast iron sewer pipe or equivalent
|
25'
|
75'
|
100'
|
(C)
|
Surface water body or drain
|
25'
|
50'
|
50'
|
* Greater separating distances are required for gravel wells
with pumping capacities greater than 50 gpm where ledge is found at less than
10 feet and/or the soil percolation rate is faster than 1 inch per minute at
surrounding septic systems.
(D)
Sanitary conditions within the radial separating distance required shall be
under the control of the water supply owner by direct ownership, easement, or
other arrangement approved by the Department of Health Services and detailed on
the as-built map.
(f)
Well Construction and Water
Quality:
(1) Wells shall be constructed
in accordance with Public Health Code Regulation 19-13-B51 and the Regulations
of Connecticut State Agencies Sections 25-128-1 through
25-128-64,
inclusive (Regulations of the Well Drilling Industry);
(2) The bacterial, physical, inorganic
chemical, organic chemical and radiological quality of the source must satisfy
the requirements of Public Health Code Regulation 19-13-B102 and the
Connecticut Department of Health Services action levels for organic compounds.
Suitable treatment may be required by the Department of Health
Services;
(3) Each well shall be
equipped with a water level probe for periodic drawdown measurement; and there
shall be provided suitable low water level well pump shutoff and lightning
protection devices in accordance with Section
19-13-B102(n)
of the Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies.
(g)
Atmospheric Storage Tank:
(1) The atmospheric storage tank shall be
equipped with a properly bolted entry hatch to allow access for cleaning and
painting of the tank and a filler pipe to provide for water to be trucked in.
The filler pipe must be capped and locked. The tank shall also be equipped with
a sight glass gauge, a screened vent pipe and a high and low water level signal
system. There shall be a drain valve at the bottom of the accessible face of
the tank. Drain lines must discharge to the ground. No direct connection to a
sanitary sewer will be permitted;
(2) Atmospheric storage tank capacity shall
be at least 200 gallons per residential customer or equal to the average daily
demand of the system, whichever is the greater number. If commercial or
industrial customers are included, additional storage shall be provided based
on reasonable average day estimated water usage thereof;
(3) Hydropneumatic tank and transfer pumps:
(A) A hydropneumatic tank and transfer pump
arrangement, used in tandem with the atmospheric tank, shall be sized to
accommodate the peak hour demand. A minimum of two (2) transfer pumps shall be
installed to operate alternately, each capable of providing water to the system
at the peak hour demand rate;
(B)
The transfer pumps shall be installed between the atmospheric tank and the
hydropneumatic tank;
(C) The
required gross volume of the hydropneumatic storage tank shall be calculated
using the following equations:
(D)
Transfer pumps shall be protected by low water level shutoff controls in the
storage tank.
Click here
to view image.
(4) All waterworks equipment shall be
designed and installed so as to assure safe and easy access to the equipment
for normal service and for repairs or replacement work.
(h)
On-site Standby Power:
(1) Wherever possible, there shall be
included on-site a permanently installed gasoline, propane-fueled, diesel,
natural gas or oil fired generator capable of supporting at least the largest
well pump, one transfer pump, any high service booster stations and all
treatment systems simultaneously in the event of an electrical outage. Portable
generators may be considered acceptable as an alternate to an on-site
generator;
(2) Fuel storage shall
be above ground, and provided with a containment area capable of holding the
full volume of the fuel tank.
(i)
Transmission and Distribution
System:
(1) The transmission pipelines,
(i.e. that pipe from the source of supply to the pumphouse or treatment
facility or from the source of supply to the distribution system) from sources
of supply shall be designed to deliver, in combination with related storage
facilities and to the limits of the capacity of those sources of supply, the
maximum requirements of that portion of the system which is dependent upon such
transmission pipelines;
(2) The
distribution system shall be of adequate size and design to maintain minimum
normal operating pressures. Minimum distribution pipe diameter shall be 6
inches except in cul-de-sacs where the mains are not subject to being extended
or as otherwise approved by the Department of Public Utility Control. If fire
protection is to be provided, minimum distribution pipe diameter shall be 8
inches. All mains shall be installed in the rights-of-way of paved roadways to
allow all weather access and to facilitate repairs;
(3) Normal operating pressures, including
peak demand conditions in the distribution main shall be between 35 psi and 125
psi at the service connection;
(4)
Where static pressures would exceed 125 psi, pressure reducing devices shall be
provided on distribution mains;
(5)
Insofar as practicable, the distribution system shall be designed so as to
avoid dead ends in the mains. Suitable right-of-way easement control shall be
provided to the proposed owner and operator and his assigns to permit future
such extensions. Where a dead end line is to be used, an adequately sized
blow-off shall be installed at the end of the line;
(6) Sufficient isolation valves shall be
provided on water mains so that inconvenience to customers and sanitary hazards
will be minimized during repairs and flushing. At intersections, valves shall
be installed on all connecting mains;
(7) Customer Booster Pumps: No community
water system shall be designed to furnish water service to any customer who
must utilize a booster pump to pump water from the utility's water main into
the customer's plumbing facilities in order to maintain a minimum 35 psi
pressure service, except in extreme circumstances and when authorized by the
Department of Public Utility Control. The system's gradient shall be designed
to preclude this need under reasonable foreseeable conditions for the ultimate
service area. Consideration shall be given both to deteriorating pipe
conditions leading to increases in pressure losses in the mains and also to any
potential hazard which might be created if contamination should be introduced
into the system through a cross-connection when a negative pressure is induced
in the water main by a customer's booster pump;
(8) Air Relief Valves: At high points in
water mains where air can accumulate, provisions shall be made to remove the
air by means of hydrants or air relief valves. Suitable protection measures
shall be included in the design to cover situations where flooding of the
manhole or chamber may occur;
(9)
Air Relief Valve Piping: The open end of an air relief pipe from automatic
valves shall be extended to at least one foot above grade and provided with a
screened, downward-facing elbow. The pipe from a manually operated valve should
be extended to the top of the pit;
(10) Chamber Drainage: Chambers, pits or
manholes containing valves, blow-offs, meters, or other such appurtenances to a
distribution system, shall not be connected directly to any sewer. Such
chambers or pits shall be drained to the surface of the ground where they are
not subject to flooding by surface water, or to absorption pits
underground;
(11) When installing
pipe, care must be taken to keep the pipe clean. Trenches shall be kept as free
of water as is possible;
(12) When
laying of pipe is interrupted overnight or for any longer period of time, the
open end of the pipe shall be plugged tightly and the open trench covered with
wood or steel covers;
(13)
Installation and pressure testing shall incorporate the provisions of the
American Water Works Association Standards and/corresponding installation
procedures;
(14) A continuous and
uniform bedding shall be provided in the trench for all buried pipe. Backfill
material, free of detrimental substances, shall be used. That backfill material
shall be tamped in layers around the pipe and to a sufficient height above the
pipe to adequately support and protect the pipe. During pipe laying, stones,
boulders and any other significantly detrimental materials found in the trench
shall be removed for a depth of at least six inches below the bottom of the
pipe;
(15) All pipe shall be
provided with a minimum earth cover of 4.5 feet. When rock blasting is
necessary, ample excess depth shall be provided to allow for a suitable depth
of bedding material between the pipe bottom and the rock base. Where frost can
be expected to occur deeper than 4.5 feet, additional pipe cover shall be
provided to suit. The mains should have adequate cover over the top of the
pipe, using suitable backfill material, for protection against surface loads.
For river or stream crossings where the water main may be exposed to the air,
the water main shall be protected against freezing by an alternate
means;
(16) Whenever possible,
water and sewer lines (sanitary and storm) shall be located in separate
trenches at least 10 feet apart. Where laid in the same trench, the water pipe
shall be laid on a shelf at least 18 inches above the sewer pipe and at least
12 inches, but preferably 18 inches, horizontally from the side of the sewer
pipe. The horizontal separating distance between a sanitary sewer manhole and a
water line shall be 10 feet;
(17)
Where water and sewer lines cross, a minimum vertical distance of 18 inches
shall be maintained between the water and sewer line with the sewer at the
lower elevation. At crossings, pipe joints shall be spaced as far from the
crossing as possible;
(18) For
force sewer lines there shall be no deviation from the 10 foot horizontal
separation and the 18 inch vertical separation distances;
(19) When it is not possible to satisfy the
requirements in paragraph (17) of this subsection above one or more of the
following precautions may be approved by the Department of Health Services as
acceptable alternatives:
(A) Sleeving of the
sewer;
(B) Concrete encasement of
the sewer;
(C) The use of a
thicker-walled sewer pipe (pressure testing will be required);
(D) Concrete encasement of the water
pipe;
(E) The use of thicker-walled
water pipe;
(F) The design engineer
may also propose other precautionary measures which will be subject to review
and approval;
(20) The
layout plan should provide for suitable ownership or easement control of the
water supply operator to permit further extension of the piping, particularly
where dead ends may occur and/or where expansion of the water system can be
readily foreseen.
(j)
Materials:
(1) Metallic and
non-metallic materials may be used to construct component parts of a water
system including, but not limited to, conduits, pipes, couplings, caulking
materials, protective linings and coatings, services, valves, hydrants, pumps,
tanks and reservoirs; provided:
(A) The
materials shall have a reasonable useful service life;
(B) The material shall be capable of
withstanding the internal and external forces to which it may be subjected
while in service;
(C) The material
shall not cause the water to become impure, unwholesome, nonpotable or
unhealthful;
(D) Materials and
equipment shall be designed and selected with factors of safety included and
installed as to mitigate corrosion, electrolysis and deterioration. When the
possibility of a near future interconnection with another utility exists, some
components such as pressure tanks and compressors may be designed for limited
service life;
(E) Use of
non-metallic pipe shall require a suitable tracer wire for pipe
location;
(F) No material shall be
allowed which does not meet standards established by the American Water Works
Association or other comparable standards;
(2) Specifications for materials, equipment,
and testing shall be in accordance with all applicable American Water Works
Association standards, the specified water utility which will eventually own
the system, and the requirements of the Department of Health Services and the
Department of Public Utility Control. Such Specifications shall include the
following:
(A) Proper protection shall be
given to metal surfaces by paints or other protective coatings;
(B) All paints, liners or coatings proposed
for use in a water supply system that will come in contact with the potable
water must be approved by the Department of Health Services. Following final
curing, disinfection and dissipation of the chlorine residual, water samples
must be collected and tested in accordance with Section
19-13-B102
of the Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies, for hydrocarbon,
organohalide, inorganic chemical, physical, and total coliform analysis from a
sampling point approved by the Department of Health Services. The results of
these analyses must be reviewed and approved by the Department of Health
Services both at the time of initial drilling of the wells and after the design
and construction stages but before using the facility;
(C) Cathodic protection, when required, must
be designed and installed by competent technically qualified
personnel;
(3) Upon
completion of the construction of the community water supply system, the
well(s), storage tank(s), and appurtenances must be disinfected, in accordance
with procedures established by the Department of Health Services;
(4) Prior to acceptance and use, the design
engineer shall supervise appropriate pressure testing of all piping and tanks
for leakage to assure specified standards are met.
(k)
Fire protection:
Whenever fire protection is required, the water system shall be
designed and constructed in accordance with recommendations of the Fire
Underwriter's Insurance Services Office, the Department of Public Utility
Control and the specified water utility that will eventually own the water
system. No fire hydrants shall be permitted unless the community water system
has at least 150,000 gallons of water in atmospheric storage.
(l)
Service Pipes:
(1) The size, design, material, and
installations of the service pipe shall conform to the reasonable requirements
of the utility that will eventually own the water system; provided, however,
that the minimum size of the pipe shall be not less than ¾-inch and that
the use of non-metallic pipe shall include a suitable tracer wire for pipe
location;
(2) All service pipes
shall be installed below the frost line to prevent freezing;
(3) Service pipes shall not be connected to
hydrant branch lines, and they shall not cross intervening properties even with
the protection of easements. If fire protection to the customer's property is
required, there shall be a separate service connection and separate service
pipe paralleling the domestic service pipe to the customer's place of
consumption;
(4) The service pipe
shall be connected to a single-service corporation at the main, installed with
a suitable gooseneck and be sufficiently flexible to prevent fracture from
expansion or contraction. It shall be run perpendicular from the water main to
the customer premises and be free from any tee, branch connection, irregularity
or defect;
(5) The service pipe
shall be installed with a suitable shutoff valve and curb box at the property
line. There shall also be a suitable shutoff valve at the interior of the
premises. In the case of service pipes dedicated for fire protection, there
shall be a detector check meter installed on the pipe;
(6) No physical connection between the
distribution system of a public water supply and any non-public water supply is
permitted except as provided for in Section
19-13-B37
of the Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies;
(7) A separate service connection shall be
required for any dwelling unit or office unit that is adaptive to individual
ownership. Thus, an application for a Certificate of Public Convenience and
Necessity for the following types of projects must include provisions for
installing a separate service connection for each dwelling or commercial unit:
residential subdivisions, including homeowners associations and municipal tax
districts; cluster housing projects; duplexes; townhouses; residential and
office condominiums; industrial parks; shopping centers or malls; trailer or
mobile home parks; elderly housing projects and garden apartment complexes.
Projects that may or may not require individual service connections, and
subject to the Department of Public Utility Control's judgment, include high
rise apartment complexes, multi-storied homes, commercial buildings and high
rise condominiums;
(8) Each service
connection shall be separately metered. The service line in each dwelling or
office unit shall contain two ball valves and an American Water Works
Association-certified meter adaptive to a remote reading device setting. The
water utility which will eventually own the water system shall be responsible
for providing the water meters to each customer premise at its own
expense.
(m)
Pumphouse requirements:
(1) Well
pit and/or pumphouse construction shall be designed to prevent the entrance of
rodents and other small animals. All facilities shall be locked and fenced and
otherwise protected and secured to prevent entrance of unauthorized
persons;
(2) Adequate drainage of
all well houses and pits including the use of floor drains shall be provided as
required in Public Health Code Regulation 19-13-B51h;
(3) Necessary electrical controls shall be
installed to enable both manual and automatic operation of all pumps, motors
and accessory equipment. All controls must be clearly labeled as to their
function. All electrical wiring, controls and appurtenances shall be installed
in conformance with the National Electrical Code;
(4) Flow meters capable of measuring
totalized and instantaneous flow shall be installed to accurately measure
independently each source of supply and their installation shall provide for
ease of meter reading, repair and/or removal. Additional meters may be required
where water treatment and/or other conditions dictate;
(5) Water treatment, when required, shall be
installed in accordance with procedures established by the Department of Health
Services;
(6) Smooth end (e.g.
threadless chrome) sampling taps shall be installed on the discharge line of
each well and at a representative point(s) off the discharge pipe(s) coming
from the storage tank(s). Where treatment is used, taps before and after
treatment facilities shall also be installed. Taps shall be at least 12 inches
above the finished floor and any possible high water level. Taps must point
downward;
(7) Suitable over and
under voltage protection shall be provided on the various electrical
equipment;
(8) The waterworks
facilities shall be provided with suitable lighting, heat and ventilation. If
necessary, a dehumidifier shall be used during summer operations;
(9) The pumphouse, wells and other plant
facilities should be accessible to the various maintenance vehicles.