67 Pa. Code § 441.8 - Driveway design requirements
(a)
General. General requirements shall be as follows:
(1) The ability of a driveway to safely and
efficiently function as an integral component of a highway system requires that
its design and construction be based on the amount and type of traffic that it
is expected to serve and the type and character of roadway which it accesses.
This chapter separates driveways into four classifications, based on the amount
of traffic they are expected to serve. A description of each classification and
typical examples of land uses normally associated with each follows:
(i) Minimum use driveway, see Figure 7. A
driveway normally used by not more than 25 vehicles per day, such as:
(A) single family dwellings, duplex houses;
or
(B) apartments with five units
or less.
(ii) Low volume
driveway, see Figure 8. A driveway normally used by more than 25 vehicles per
day but less than 750 vehicles per day, such as:
(A) office buildings;
(B) elementary and junior high schools;
or
(C) car washes.
(iii) Medium volume driveway, see
Figures 9, 11, and 12. A driveway normally used by more than 750 vehicles but
less than 1500 vehicles per day, which does not normally require traffic
signalization, such as:
(A) motels;
(B) fast food restaurants; or
(C) service stations and small shopping
centers or plazas.
(iv)
High volume driveway, see Figure 10. A driveway normally used by more than 1500
vehicles per day, which often requires traffic signalization, such as:
(A) large shopping centers; or
(B) multi-building apartment or office
complexes.
(2)
The design features described in this section and illustrated in the attendant
figures are to be used by the applicant in designing the driveway plans which
accompany the application. Dimensions shall be selected from the range of
values shown on the appropriate figure, unless site conditions warrant a
deviation. The Department may require design details which are more stringent
than those specified in this chapter to insure the safe and efficient operation
of any proposed driveway.
(3)
Figures 7, 8, and 9 show two sets of design values. The applicant shall design
his driveway using the values appropriate for the posted speed of the roadway
being accessed.
(b)
Angle of access driveway approach. Angle of access driveway
approach shall include the following:
(1)
Access driveway approaches used for two-way operation shall be positioned at
right angles, that is, 90 degrees, to the highway or as near thereto as site
conditions permit, except as authorized in Figure 11.
(2) When two access driveways are constructed
on the same property frontage and used for one-way operation, each of these
driveways may be placed at an angle less than a right angle, but not less than
45 degrees to the highway, except that along divided highways where no openings
are allowed in the median the minimum angle of an exit driveway may be 30
degrees, as shown in Figure 12.
(c)
Driveways adjacent to
intersections. Driveways serving properties located adjacent to a
highway intersection shall be subject to the following:
(1) There shall be a minimum ten foot tangent
distance between the intersecting highway radius and the radius of the first
permitted driveway.
(2) The
distance from the edge of pavement of the intersecting highway to the radius of
the first permitted driveway shall be a minimum of 20 feet on curbed highways
and 30 feet on uncurbed highways.
(3) Paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection
may be waived only if the intersecting highway radius extends along the
property frontage to the extent that compliance is physically
impossible.
(d)
Property line clearance. Except for joint-use driveways, no
portion of any access shall be located outside of the property frontage
boundary line.
(e)
Multiple
driveways. Multiple driveways serving the same property must be
separated by a minimum distance of 15 feet measured along the right-of-way line
and 20 feet measured along the shoulder, ditch line, or curb. When the distance
between multiple driveways is 50 feet or less measured along the shoulder or
ditch line, the area between shall be clearly defined by permanent curbing.
This curb shall be placed in line with existing curb or two feet back of the
shoulder or ditch line on uncurbed highways. It shall be extended around the
driveway radii to the right-of-way line.
(f)
Site requirements. Site
requirements shall be as follows:
(1) All
nonresidential buildings shall be located a sufficient distance from the
right-of-way line to provide ample driving area and parking off the
right-of-way to prevent storage of vehicles on the access driveways and to
prevent the back-up and turning of vehicles on the highway pavement.
(2) The radii of internal curves shall be as
large as possible to allow a direct movement from the highway into a proper
position to obtain service or parking without any interference to other
vehicles attempting the same maneuver.
(3) Applications for driveways providing
access to drive-in-service developments shall, when requested, include
information relative to the amount of storage provided between the service
facility and the right-of-way, the number of service operations anticipated
during peak periods, and the hours and days of operation.
(4) The area between the right-of-way line
adjacent to and on both sides of a driveway shall be used as a clear zone to
provide a physical barrier between the traveled way and activity on private
property. This area shall remain free of any obstructions which may interfere
with a clear line of vision for entering or exiting vehicles.
(g)
Curbing.
Requirements for curbing shall conform with the following:
(1) The permit may require the installation
of curbing wherever it is required to control access or drainage, or both. All
curbing must be permanent curbing, as defined in §
441.1 of this title (relating to
definitions).
(2) Where property
abutting the right-of-way line could be used as parking area, the permit may
require curbing, permanent guardrail, or fencing to be constructed along the
right-of-way line in order to prohibit vehicle encroachment upon the sidewalk
or shoulder area.
(3) If, in the
opinion of the Department, there is a high probability that vehicles would
otherwise utilize a portion of the property frontage other than the approved
driveway to gain access to the property, the permit may require curbing or
other physical barriers to be constructed.
(4) When curb exists adjacent to the proposed
driveway, the line and grade of the existing curb shall be matched, unless
otherwise authorized by the permit.
(h)
Sight distance.
Conditions for sight distance shall be as follows:
(1) Access driveways shall be located at a
point within the property frontage limits which provides at least the minimum
sight distance listed in the appropriate following table:
Table 1-Safe Sight Distance for passenger cars and single unit trucks exiting from driveways onto two-lane roads.
| Posted Speed (mph) | Safe Sight Distance-Left1 (feet) | Safe Sight Distance-Right1 (feet) |
| 25 | 250 | 195 |
| 35 | 440 | 350 |
| 45 | 635 | 570 |
| 55 | 845 | 875 |
1 Measured from a vehicle ten feet back of the pavement edge.
Table 2-Safe Sight Distance for buses and combinations exiting from driveways onto two-lane roads.
| Posted Speed (mph) | Safe Sight Distance-Left1 (feet) | Safe Sight Distance-Right1 (feet) |
| 25 | 400 | 300 |
| 35 | 675 | 625 |
| 45 | 1225 | 1225 |
| 55 | 2050 | 2050 |
1 Measured from a vehicle ten feet back of the pavement edge.
Table 3-Safe Sight Distance for passenger cars and single unit trucks exiting from driveways onto four and six-lane roads.
| Posted Speed (mph) | Safe Sight Distance-Left1 (feet) | Safe Sight Distance-Right2 (feet) |
| 25 | 175 | 195 |
| 35 | 300 | 350 |
| 45 | 500 | 570 |
| 55 | 785 | 875 |
1 Measured from a vehicle ten feet back of the pavement edge to a vehicle approaching in the outside lane.
2 Measured from a vehicle ten feet back of the pavement edge to a vehicle approaching in the median lane.
Table 4-Safe Sight Distance for buses and combinations exiting from driveways onto four and six-lane roads.
| Posted Speed (mph) | Safe Sight Distance-Left1 (feet) | Safe Sight Distance-Right2 (feet) |
| 25 | 300 | 300 |
| 35 | 625 | 625 |
| 45 | 1225 | 1225 |
| 55 | 2050 | 2050 |
1 Measured from a vehicle ten feet back of the pavement edge to a vehicle approaching in the outside lane.
2 Measured from a vehicle ten feet back of the pavement edge to a vehicle approaching in the median lane.
Table 5-Safe Sight Distance for passenger cars and single unit trucks entering driveways by left turns.
| Posted Speed (mph) | Safe Sight Distance in Feet 1 | ||
| 2-Lane | 4-Lane | 6-Lane | |
| 25 | 190 | 205 | 220 |
| 35 | 300 | 320 | 345 |
| 45 | 445 | 470 | 500 |
| 55 | 610 | 645 | 680 |
1 Measured from the point where a left-turning vehicle stops to a vehicle in the outside lane.
Table 6-Safe Sight Distance for buses and combinations entering driveways by left turns.
| Posted Speed (mph) | Safe Sight Distance in Feet 1 | ||
| 2-Lane | 4-Lane | 6-Lane | |
| 25 | 330 | 360 | 390 |
| 35 | 485 | 530 | 575 |
| 45 | 690 | 750 | 810 |
| 55 | 905 | 990 | 1075 |
1 Measured from the point where a left-turning vehicle stops for a vehicle in the outside lane.
(2) In using Tables 1 through 6
the following additional requirements shall apply:
(i) Tables 2, 4, and 6 shall be used in lieu
of Tables 1, 3, and 5 only when combination traffic exceeds 5.0% of the total
traffic using the proposed driveway.
(ii) Posted speeds shall be used unless
operating speeds vary from the posted speed by more than ten miles per hour, in
which case the Department may require that operating speeds be used.
(iii) The sight distances in Tables 1 through
4 apply only when highway grades are zero to 3.0%, either up or down.
(A) When the highway grade in the section to
be used for acceleration, after leaving the driveway, ascends at 3.0-5.0%, the
sight distance in the direction of approaching ascending traffic may be
increased by a factor of 1.4.
(B)
When the highway grade ascends at greater than 5.0%, sight distance may be
increased by a factor of 1.7.
(C)
When the highway grade in the section to be used for acceleration after leaving
the driveway descends at 3.0-5.0%, sight distance in the direction of
approaching descending highway traffic may be reduced by a factor of
0.6.
(D) When the road descends at
greater than 5.0%, sight distance may be reduced by a factor of 0.5.
(iv) The sight distance values in
Tables 1 through 6 are desirable for safe operation of the driveway. Sight
distance values less than desirable will be accepted only if it is impossible
to achieve the desirable value by locating the driveway at any point within the
property frontage boundaries. The minimum acceptable sight distance values
shall be computed from the following formula:
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SSSD = 1.47 Vt + V2 30 (f+g)
SSSD = Minimum safe stopping sight distance (feet).
V = Velocity of vehicle (miles per hour).
t = Perception time of motorist (average = 2.5 seconds).
f = Wet friction of pavement (average = 0.30).
g = Percent grade of roadway divided by 100.
(3) If sight distance
requirements as specified in this chapter cannot be met, the Department may:
(i) prohibit left turns by exiting
vehicles;
(ii) restrict turning
movements to right turns in and out of a driveway;
(iii) require installation of a right turn
acceleration lane or deceleration lane;
(iv) require installation of a separate left
turn standby lane;
(v) alter the
horizontal or vertical geometry of the roadway; or
(vi) deny access to the highway.
(i)
Grade of
access driveway. Grade of access driveway shall be constructed in the
following manner:
(1) All driveways shall be
constructed so as not to impair drainage within the right-of-way, alter the
stability of the improved area, or change the drainage of adjacent
areas.
(2) Where a drainage ditch
or swale exists, the permittee shall install adequate pipe under the driveway
in accordance with Form 408. Drainage pipe installed under driveways shall be
at least 15 inches in diameter.
(3)
The side slopes for driveway embankments within the right-of-way shall not be
steeper than ten to one. See Figure 6.
(4) Grade requirements in uncurbed shoulders
within the right-of-way shall conform to Figure 1.
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(5)
Grade requirements where curbs and sidewalks are present.
(i) The driveway approaches shall be
installed 1 1/2 inches above the adjacent roadway or the gutter grade to
maintain proper drainage. See Figure 5.
(ii) The difference between the cross slope
of the roadway and the upward grade of the driveway approach shall not exceed
8.0%.
(iii) When a planted area
exists in front of the sidewalk, one of the following three cases shall apply:
(A) When the grass strip between the curb and
the sidewalk is wide enough to maintain an 8.0% maximum driveway approach
grade, construct the driveway as shown in Figure 2.
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(B)
If the driveway grade would exceed 8.0%, depress the outer edge of the sidewalk
and maintain a maximum sidewalk cross slope of 6.0%. This will enable the
driveway slope to stay within the 8.0% slope limit. See Figure 3.
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(C)
If the sidewalk cross slope would exceed 6.0%, as indicated in clause (B) of
this subparagraph, depress the entire sidewalk. The amount of depression shall
not exceed 1 1/2 inches at the inner edge of the sidewalk. The longitudinal
slope of the sidewalk shall not exceed two inches per foot. See Figure
3.
(iv) When the sidewalk
is directly against the back of the curb and the sidewalk is at least five feet
wide, the curb shall be sloped as shown in Figure 5 of this subsection. This
will eliminate the need for depressing the back edge of the sidewalk. For
sidewalks narrower than five feet, the curb will be sloped and the back edge of
the sidewalk will be depressed (maximum 1 1/2 inches) to maintain an 8.0%
maximum grade on the driveway. The longitudinal grade of the sidewalk shall not
exceed two inches per foot.
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(j)
Auxiliary lanes.
Auxiliary lanes shall consist of the following:
(1)
Acceleration and deceleration
lanes. The combination of highway speed, volumes, location, and
arrangement of driveways and intersections may require the installation of an
acceleration or deceleration lane, or both, to serve a proposed low, medium, or
high volume driveway. When required by the permit, a speed change lane of
sufficient length and width shall be constructed to allow vehicles to safely
decelerate or accelerate when entering or leaving the property.
(2)
Left turn stand-by
lanes. The permit may require the installation of a left turn stand-by
lane to separate and protect left turning vehicles from through traffic if
failure to do so would result in an undue hazard to the traveling
public.
(3)
Additional
right-of-way for lanes. Where the width of the highway right-of-way is
insufficient to permit the construction of a needed auxiliary lane, the
permittee shall provide any necessary additional right-of-way.
(4)
Cost. When required,
auxiliary lanes shall be constructed, at no cost to the Department, in
accordance with the Roadway Construction Standards and Form 408.
(5)
Lane in front of another
property. If an auxiliary lane must be located in front of property of
another person, the applicant shall be required to secure the approval of the
other person or indemnify the Commonwealth against any action which the other
person may bring against the Commonwealth.
(k)
Access driveway
pavement. Access driveways shall be appropriately surfaced with a
stabilized material between the traveled way and the right-of-way line unless a
higher type material is specified by the permit. Low, medium, and high volume
driveways which provide access to paved highways shall be paved within the
right-of-way. Materials used in the construction of driveways shall meet the
requirements of Form 408. The driveway pavement shall be at least four inches
thick within the right-of-way.
(l)
Driveways relative to ramps. Ramps are intended to provide
access from one roadway or roadway system to another with a minimum amount of
conflict or interference from other traffic. To insure the integrity of this
intended function, no access driveway will be permitted on a ramp or within 50
feet of the intersection of the edge of pavement of the ramp or its speed
change lane with the edge of pavement of the intersecting roadway. Exceptions
will be considered only if the enforcement of this subsection would result in
the prohibition of reasonable access from the adjacent property to the highway
system.
(m)
Median
openings. Median openings shall consist of the following:
(1) The removal of a portion of median
divisor along a divided highway to provide access to and from traffic in both
directions will not be permitted unless it is determined that the operating
characteristics of the highway system will be improved by such
action.
(2) A left turn standby
lane shall be installed to separate and protect left turning vehicles whenever
a median opening is permitted.
(3)
Requests for removal of a median divisor will not be granted without the
approval of the director.
(n)
Shoulder upgrading.
Where the existing shoulder on either side of a proposed low, medium, or high
volume driveway is not adequate to allow its use by turning vehicles, the
permittee shall upgrade the shoulder area for a minimum of 100 feet on either
side of the driveway. The type of shoulder to be installed will be specified by
the permit, in accordance with the volume and type of traffic expected to use
the driveway.
(o)
Traffic
control devices. Requirements for traffic control devices shall be as
follows:
(1)
Nonelectrically powered
devices. The permittee shall, at his own expense, install and maintain
all nonelectrically powered traffic control devices, as specified in the
permit, which are required to provide for the safe and orderly movement of
vehicular or pedestrian traffic, or both. These devices shall include, but not
be limited to, any required regulatory, warning or guide signs, delineators,
and pavement markings.
(2)
Electrically powered devices. Electrically powered devices
shall consist of the following:
(i) When power
operated devices, including traffic signals, are required for proper traffic
control, a traffic signal permit (Form TE 964) shall be obtained in addition to
the occupancy permit. The permit to own and operate a traffic control device
shall be requested by and issued to only the appropriate
municipality.
(ii) Applications for
driveways which include traffic signal control shall be accompanied by the
following additional information:
(A) An
engineering study in sufficient detail to allow determination of the need for
signal control and the adequacy of its design and operation.
(B) Location of traffic signal heads, poles,
controller, and detectors.
(C)
Phasing and timing diagrams.
Notes
This section cited in 67 Pa. Code § 441.6 (relating to general conditions).
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