(1) "Absorbed dose" means the energy imparted
by ionizing radiation per unit mass of irradiated material. The units of
absorbed dose are the rad and the gray (Gy).
(2) "Act" means the Tennessee Code Annotated,
Title 68, Chapter 202, as amended.
(3) "Activity" is the rate of disintegration
(transformation) or decay of radioactive material. The units of activity are
the curie (Ci) and the becquerel (Bq).
(4) "Adult" means an individual 18 or more
years of age.
(5) "Airborne
radioactive material" means radioactive material dispersed in the air in the
form of dusts, fumes, particulates, mists, vapors or gases.
(6) "Airborne radioactivity area" means a
room, enclosure, or area in which airborne radioactive materials, composed
wholly or partly of licensed material, exist in concentrations:
(a) In excess of the derived air
concentrations (DACs) specified in Schedule RHS 8-30; or
(b) To such a degree that an individual
present in the area without respiratory protective equipment could exceed,
during the hours an individual is present in a week, an intake of 0.6 percent
of the annual limit on intake (ALI) or 12 DAC-hours.
(7) "Air-purifying respirator" means a
respirator with an air-purifying filter, cartridge or canister that removes
specific air contaminants by passing ambient air through the air-purifying
element.
(8) "ALARA" (acronym for
"as low as is reasonably achievable") means making every reasonable effort to
maintain exposures to radiation as far below the dose limits in these standards
as is practical consistent with the purpose for which the activity is
undertaken and taking into account:
(a) The
state of technology;
(b) The
economics of improvements in relation to:
1.
The state of technology;
2.
Benefits to public health and safety, and other societal and socioeconomic
considerations; and
3. Utilization
of radiation and radioactive materials in the public interest.
(9) "Annual limit on
intake" (ALI) means the derived limit for the amount of radioactive material
taken into the body of an adult worker by inhalation or ingestion in a year.
ALI is the smaller value of intake of a given radionuclide in a year by the
reference man that would result in a committed effective dose equivalent of 5
rems (0.05 Sv) or a committed dose equivalent of 50 rems (0.5 Sv) to any
individual organ or tissue. ALI values for intake by ingestion and by
inhalation of selected radionuclides are given in Schedule RHS 8-30.
(10) "Assigned protection factor" (APF) means
the expected workplace level of respiratory protection that would be provided
by a properly functioning respirator or a class of respirators to properly
fitted and trained users. Operationally, the inhaled concentration can be
estimated by dividing the ambient airborne concentration by the APF.
(11) "Atmosphere-supplying respirator" means
a respirator that supplies the respirator user with breathing air from a source
independent of the ambient atmosphere, and includes supplied-air respirators
(SARs) and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) units.
(12) "Background radiation" means radiation
from cosmic sources; naturally occurring radioactive material, including radon
(except as a decay product of source or special nuclear material), and global
fallout as it exists in the environment from the testing of nuclear explosive
devices or from past nuclear accidents such as Chernobyl that contribute to
background radiation and are not under the control of the licensee. "Background
radiation" does not include radiation from sources of radiation subject to
licensing or registering by the Division.
(13) "Bioassay" ("radiobioassay") means the
determination of kinds, quantities or concentrations, and, in some cases, the
locations of radioactive material in the human body, whether by direct
measurement (in vivo counting) or by analysis and evaluation of materials
excreted or removed from the human body.
(14) "Byproduct material" means:
(a) Any radioactive material (except special
nuclear material) yielded in or made radioactive by exposure to the radiation
incident to the process of producing or utilizing special nuclear
material;
(b) The tailings or
wastes produced by the extraction or concentration of uranium or thorium from
ore processed primarily for its source material content, including discrete
surface wastes resulting from uranium solution extraction processes.
Underground ore bodies depleted by these solution extraction operations do not
constitute "byproduct material" within this definition;
(c)
1. Any
discrete source of radium-226 that is produced, extracted, or converted after
extraction for use for a commercial, medical, or research activity;
or
2. Any material that-
(i) Has been made radioactive by use of a
particle accelerator; and
(ii) Is
produced, extracted, or converted after extraction for use for a commercial,
medical, or research activity; and
(d) Any discrete source of naturally
occurring radioactive material, other than source material, that-
1. The Commission, in consultation with the
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, the Secretary of Energy,
the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the head of any other appropriate
Federal agency, determines would pose a threat similar to the threat posed by a
discrete source of radium-226 to the public health and safety or the common
defense and security; and
2. Is
extracted or converted after extraction for use in a commercial, medical, or
research activity.
(15) "Class" (or "lung class" or "inhalation
class") means a classification scheme for inhaled material according to its
rate of clearance from the pulmonary region of the lung. Materials are
classified as D, W, or Y, which applies to a range of clearance half-times: for
Class D (Days) of less than 10 days, for Class W (Weeks) from 10 to 100 days,
and for Class Y (Years) of greater than 100 days.
(16) "Collective dose" is the sum of the
individual doses received in a given period of time by a specific population
from exposure to a specific source of radiation.
(17) "Committed dose equivalent" (CDE)
(Ht,50) is the dose equivalent to organs or tissues of
reference (T) that will be received from an intake of radioactive material by
an individual during the 50 year period following the intake.
(18) "Committed effective dose equivalent"
(CEDE) (He 50) is the sum of the products of the
weighting factors applicable to each of the body organs or tissues that are
irradiated and the committed dose equivalent to these organs or tissues
(He50=(SWTHt50).
(19) "Constraint"
(or "dose constraint") means a value above which specified licensee actions are
required.
(20) "Declared pregnant
woman" means a woman who has voluntarily informed her employer, in writing, of
her pregnancy and the estimated date of conception. The declaration remains in
effect until the declared pregnant woman withdraws the declaration in writing
or is no longer pregnant.
(21)
"Deep-dose equivalent" (DDE) (Hd), which applies to external whole-body
exposure, is the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 1 cm (1000
mg/cm2).
(22) "Demand respirator"
means an atmosphere-supplying respirator that admits breathing air to the
facepiece only when a negative pressure is created inside the facepiece by
inhalation.
(23) "Department"
refers to the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation.
(24) "Derived air concentration" (DAC) means
the concentration of a given radionuclide in air which, if breathed by the
reference man for a working year of 2,000 hours under conditions of light work
(inhalation rate 1.2 cubic meters of air per hour), results in an intake of one
ALI. DAC values are given in Schedule RHS 8-30.
(25) "Derived air concentration-hour"
(DAC-hour) is the product of the concentration of radioactive material in air
(expressed as a fraction or multiple of the derived air concentration for each
radionuclide) and the time of exposure to that radionuclide, in hours. A
licensee may take 2,000 DAC-hours to represent one ALI, equivalent to a
committed effective dose equivalent of 5 rems (0.05 Sv).
(26) "Disposable respirator" means a
respirator for which maintenance is not intended and that is designed to be
discarded after excessive breathing resistance, sorbent exhaustion, physical
damage, or end-of-service-life renders it unsuitable for use. Examples of this
type of respirator are a disposable half-mask respirator or a disposable
escape-only self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
(27) "Division" means the Division of
Radiological Health of the Tennessee Department of Environment and
Conservation.
(28) "Dose or
radiation dose" is a generic term that means absorbed dose, dose equivalent,
effective dose equivalent, committed dose equivalent, committed effective dose
equivalent, or total effective dose equivalent, as defined in other paragraphs
of this rule.
(29) "Dose
equivalent" (Ht) means the product of the absorbed dose in tissue, the quality
factor, and all other necessary modifying factors at the location of interest.
The units of dose equivalent are the rem and sievert (Sv).
(30) "Dosimetry processor" means an
individual or an organization that processes and evaluates individual
monitoring equipment in order to determine the radiation dose delivered to the
equipment (SHe,50=(WtHt,50).
(31)
"Effective dose equivalent" (EDE) (He) is the sum of the products of the dose
equivalent to the organ or tissue (Ht) and the weighting factors (Wt)
applicable to each of the body organs or tissues that are irradiated
(He=(SWtHt).
(32) "Embryo/fetus"
means the developing human organism from conception until the time of
birth.
(33) "Entrance or access
point" means any location through which an individual could gain access to
radiation areas or to sources of radiation. This includes entry or exit portals
of sufficient size to permit human entry, irrespective of their intended
use.
(34) "Exposure" means being
exposed to ionizing radiation or to radioactive material.
(35) "External dose" means that portion of
the dose equivalent received from sources of radiation outside the
body.
(36) "Extremity" means hand,
elbow, arm below the elbow, foot, knee, or leg below the knee.
(37) "Filtering facepiece" ('dust mask')
means a negative pressure particulate respirator with a filter as an integral
part of the facepiece or with the entire facepiece composed of the filtering
medium, not equipped with elastomeric sealing surfaces and adjustable
straps.
(38) "Fit factor" means a
quantitative estimate of the fit of a particular respirator to a specific
individual, and typically estimates the ratio of the concentration of a
substance in ambient air to its concentration inside the respirator when
worn.
(39) "Fit test" means the use
of a protocol to evaluate qualitatively or quantitatively the fit of a
respirator on an individual.
(40)
"Generally applicable environmental radiation standards" means standards issued
by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the authority of the Atomic
Energy Act of 1954, as amended, that impose limits on radiation exposures or
levels, or concentrations or quantities of radioactive material, in the general
environment outside the boundaries of locations under the control of persons
possessing or using sources of radiation.
(41) "Government agency" means any executive
department, commission, independent establishment, corporation wholly or partly
owned by the United States of America, which is an instrumentality of the
United States, or any board, bureau, division, service, office, officer,
authority, administration, or other establishment in the executive branch of
the Government.
(43) "Helmet" means a rigid respiratory inlet
covering that also provides head protection against impact and
penetration.
(44) "High radiation
area" means an area, accessible to individuals, in which radiation levels from
radiation sources external to the body could result in an individual receiving
a dose equivalent in excess of 0.1 rem (1 mSv) in 1 hour at 30 centimeters from
the source of radiation or from any surface that the radiation
penetrates.
(45) "Hood" means a
respiratory inlet covering that completely covers the head and neck and may
also cover portions of the shoulders and torso.
(46) "Individual" means any human
being.
(47) "Individual monitoring"
means:
(a) The assessment of dose equivalent
by the use of devices designed to be worn by an individual;
(b) The assessment of committed effective
dose equivalent by bioassay (see Bioassay) or by determination of the
time-weighted air concentrations to which an individual has been exposed, i.e.,
DAC-hours; or
(c) The assessment of
dose equivalent by the use of survey data.
(48) "Individual monitoring devices"
("individual monitoring equipment") means devices designed to be worn by a
single individual for the assessment of dose equivalent, such as film badges,
thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs), pocket ionization chambers, and personal
("lapel") air sampling devices.
(49) "Internal dose" means that portion of
the dose equivalent received from radioactive material taken into the
body.
(50) "Lens dose equivalent"
applies to the external exposure of the lens of the eye and is taken as the
dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 0.3 centimeter (300
mg/cm2).
(51) "License" means a license issued under
the regulations in Chapter 0400-20-10.
(52) "Licensed material" means radioactive
material received, possessed, used, transferred or disposed of under a general
or specific license issued by the Division.
(53) "Licensee" means the holder of a
license.
(54) "Limits" ("dose
limits") means the permissible upper bounds of radiation doses.
(55) "Loose-fitting facepiece" means a
respiratory inlet covering that is designed to form a partial seal with the
face.
(56) "Lost" or "missing
radioactive material" means radioactive material whose location is unknown. It
includes material that has been shipped but has not reached its destination and
whose location cannot be readily traced in the transportation system.
(57) "Member of the public" means any
individual except when that individual is receiving an occupational
dose.
(58) "Minor" means an
individual less than 18 years of age.
(59) "Misadministration" means an event that
meets the criteria in Rule
0400-20-05-.145.
(60) "Monitoring" ("radiation monitoring",
"radiation protection monitoring") means the measurement of radiation levels,
concentrations, surface area concentrations or quantities of radioactive
material and the use of the results of these measurements to evaluate potential
exposures and doses.
(61)
"Nationally tracked sources" means a sealed source containing a quantity equal
to or greater than Category 1 or Category 2 levels of any radioactive material
listed in Rule
0400-20-05-.164. In this context
a sealed source is defined as radioactive material that is sealed in a capsule
or closely bonded, in a solid form and which is not exempt from regulatory
control. It does not mean material encapsulated solely for disposal or nuclear
material contained in any fuel assembly, subassembly, fuel rod, or fuel pellet.
Category 1 nationally tracked sources are those containing radioactive material
at a quantity equal to or greater than the Category 1 threshold. Category 2
nationally tracked sources are those containing radioactive material at a
quantity equal to or greater than the Category 2 threshold but less than the
Category 1 threshold.
(62)
"Negative pressure respirator" ("tight fitting") means a respirator in which
the air pressure inside the facepiece is negative during inhalation with
respect to the ambient air pressure outside the respirator.
(63) "Nonstochastic effect" means health
effects, the severity of which varies with the dose and for which a threshold
is believed to exist. Radiation-induced cataract formation is an example of a
nonstochastic effect (also called a deterministic effect).
(64) "NRC" means the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission or its duly authorized representatives.
(65) "Occupational dose" means the dose
received by an individual in the course of employment in which the individual's
assigned duties involve exposure to radiation or to radioactive material from
registered, unregistered, licensed and unlicensed sources of radiation, whether
in the possession of the licensee, registrant or other person. Occupational
dose does not include dose received from background radiation, from any medical
administration the individual has received, from exposure to individuals
administered radioactive material and released in accordance with Rule
0400-20-07-.35, from voluntary
participation in medical research programs, or as a member of the
public.
(66) "Person" means an
individual, trust, firm, joint stock company, corporation (including a
government corporation), partnership, association, state, municipality,
commission, political subdivision of a state, any interstate body, any
governmental agency of this state and any department, agency or instrumentality
of the federal government.
(67)
"Planned special exposure" (PSE) means an infrequent exposure to radiation,
separate from and in addition to the annual dose limits.
(68) "Positive pressure respirator" means a
respirator in which the pressure inside the respiratory inlet covering exceeds
the ambient air pressure outside the respirator.
(69) "Powered air-purifying respirator"
(PAPR) means an air-purifying respirator that uses a blower to force the
ambient air through air-purifying elements to the inlet covering.
(70) "Pressure demand respirator" means a
positive pressure atmosphere-supplying respirator that admits breathing air to
the facepiece when the positive pressure is reduced inside the facepiece by
inhalation.
(71) "Public dose"
means the dose received by a member of the public from exposure to radiation or
to radioactive material released by a licensee, or to any other source of
radiation under the control of a licensee or registrant. Public Dose does not
include occupational dose or doses received from background radiation, from any
medical administration the individual has received, from exposure to
individuals administered radioactive material and released in accordance with
Rule
0400-20-07-.35, or from
voluntary participation in medical research programs.
(72) "Qualitative fit test" (QLFT) means a
pass/fail fit test to assess the adequacy of respirator fit that relies on the
individual's response to the test agent.
(73) "Quality factor" (Q) means the modifying
factor (see Tables RHS 5-1 and RHS 5-2) that is used to derive dose equivalent
from absorbed dose.
(74)
"Quantitative fit test" (QNFT) means an assessment of the adequacy of
respirator fit by numerically measuring the amount of leakage into the
respirator.
(75) "Quarter" means a
period of time equal to one-fourth of the year observed by the licensee or
registrant (approximately 13 consecutive weeks), providing that the beginning
of the first quarter in a year coincides with the starting date of the year and
that no day is omitted or duplicated in consecutive quarters.
(77) "Radiation" includes all ionizing
electromagnetic waves and corpuscular emissions such as, but not necessarily
limited to, gamma rays and x-rays, alpha and beta particles, electrons,
neutrons, and protons, and other nuclear particles, but not radio waves or
visible, infrared, or ultraviolet light.
(78) "Radiation area" means an area,
accessible to individuals, in which radiation levels could result in an
individual receiving a dose equivalent in excess of 0.005 rem (0.05 mSv) in 1
hour at 30 centimeters from the source of radiation or from any surface that
the radiation penetrates.
(79)
"Reference man" means a hypothetical aggregation of human physical and
physiological characteristics arrived at by the Division after considering
among others data and information published by the International Commission on
Radiation Protection and the National Council on Radiation Protection and
Measurements.
(81) "Respiratory protective device" means an
apparatus, such as a respirator, used to reduce the individual's intake of
airborne radioactive materials.
(82) "Restricted area" means an area, access
to which is limited by the licensee or registrant for the purpose of protecting
individuals against undue risks from exposure to radiation and radioactive
materials. Restricted area does not include areas used as residential quarters,
but separate rooms in a residential building may be set apart as a restricted
area.
(83) "Sanitary sewerage"
means a system of public sewers for carrying off waste water and refuse, but
excluding sewage treatment facilities, septic tanks, and leach fields owned or
operated by the licensee.
(84)
"Self-contained breathing apparatus" (SCBA) means an atmosphere-supplying
respirator for which the breathing air source is designed to be carried by the
user.
(85) "Shallow-dose equivalent
(Hs)", which applies to the external exposure of the skin of the whole body or
the skin of an extremity, is taken as the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of
0.007 centimeter (7 mg/cm2).
(87) "Site boundary" means that line beyond
which the land or property is not owned, leased or otherwise controlled by the
licensee or registrant.
(88)
"Source material" refers to:
(a) Uranium or
thorium, or any combination thereof, in any physical or chemical form;
or
(b) Ores which contain by
weight, one-twentieth of one percent (0.05%) or more of: uranium, thorium or
any combinations thereof. Source material does not include special nuclear
material.
(89)
"Stochastic effects" means health effects that occur randomly and for which the
probability of the effect occurring, rather than its severity, is assumed to be
a linear function of dose without threshold. Hereditary effects and cancer
incidence are examples of stochastic effects.
(90) "Supplied-air respirator" (SAR) or
"airline respirator" means an atmosphere-supplying respirator for which the
source of breathing air is not designed to be carried by the user.
(91) "Survey" means an evaluation of the
radiological conditions and potential hazards incident to the production, use,
transfer, release, disposal, or presence of radioactive material or other
sources of radiation. When appropriate, such an evaluation includes a physical
survey of the location of a source of radiation and measurements or
calculations of levels of radiation or concentrations or quantities of
radioactive material present.
(92)
"Tight-fitting facepiece" means a respiratory inlet covering that forms a
complete seal with the face.
(93)
"Total effective dose equivalent" (TEDE) means the sum of the effective dose
equivalent (for external exposures) and the committed effective dose equivalent
(for internal exposures).
(94)
"Unrestricted area" means an area, access to which is neither limited nor
controlled by the licensee or registrant.
(95) "User seal check" ("fit check") means an
action conducted by the respirator user to determine if the respirator is
properly seated to the face. Examples include negative pressure check, positive
pressure check, irritant smoke check or isoamyl acetate check.
(96) "Very high radiation area" means an area
accessible to individuals in which radiation levels from radiation sources
external to the body could result in an individual receiving an absorbed dose
in excess of 500 rads (5 grays) in 1 hour at 1 meter from a source of radiation
or 1 meter from any surface that the radiation penetrates.
(Note: At very high doses received at high dose rates, units
of absorbed dose (e.g., rads and grays) are appropriate, rather than units of
dose equivalent (e.g., rems and sieverts)).
(97) "Week" means 7 consecutive days starting
on Sunday.
(98) "Weighting factor
(W
T), for an organ or tissue (T)" is the proportion of
the risk of stochastic effects resulting from irradiation of the organ or
tissue to the total risk of stochastic effects when the whole body is
irradiated uniformly. For calculating the effective dose equivalent, the values
of WT are:
ORGAN DOSE WEIGHTING FACTORS
Organ or Tissue |
WT |
Gonads Breasts |
0.25
0.15 |
Red Bone Marrow |
0.12 |
Lung |
0.12 |
Thyroid |
0.03 |
Bone Surfaces |
0.03 |
Remainder |
10.30 |
Whole Body |
21.00 |
1 0.30 results from 0.06 for each
of 5 "remainder" organs (excluding the skin and the lens of the eye) that
receive the highest doses.
2 For the purpose of weighting the
external whole body dose (for adding it to the internal dose), a single
weighting factor, WT=1.0, has been specified. The use of
other weighting factors for external exposure will be approved on a
case-by-case basis until such time as specific guidance is issued.
(99) "Whole body" means, for
purposes of external exposure, head, trunk (including male gonads), arms above
the elbow, or legs above the knee.
(100) "Working level" (WL) is any combination
of short-lived radon daughters (for radon-222: polonium-218, lead-214,
bismuth-214, and polonium-214; and for radon-220: polonium-216, lead-212,
bismuth-212, and polonium-212) in 1 liter of air that will result in the
ultimate emission of 1.3 x 105 MeV of potential alpha particle
energy.
(101) "Working level month"
(WLM) means an exposure to 1 working level for 170 hours (2,000 working hours
per year/12 months per year=approximately 170 hours per month).
(102) "Year" means the period of time
beginning in January used to determine compliance with the provisions of these
standards. The licensee or registrant may change the starting date of the year
used to determine compliance by the licensee or registrant provided that the
change is made at the beginning of the year and that no day is omitted or
duplicated in consecutive years.