(1) General.
Filters may be composed of one or more media layers.
Mono-media filters are relatively uniform throughout their depth. Dual or
multi-layer beds of filter material are so designed that water being filtered
first encounters coarse material, and progressively finer material as it
travels through the bed.
(2) Rate of Filtration.
(a) The rate of filtration shall be
determined through consideration of such factors as raw water quality, degree
of pretreatment provided, filter media, water quality control parameters,
competency of operating personnel, and other factors as determined by the
Director. Generally, higher filter rates can be assigned for the dual or
multi-media filter than for a single media filter because the former is more
resistant to filter breakthrough.
(b) The filter rate shall be proposed and
justified by the designing engineer to the satisfaction of the Director prior
to the preparation of final plans and specifications.
(c) The use of dual or multi-media filters
may allow a reduction of sedimentation detention time (see
R309-525-13(2)(a)
) due to their increased ability to store sludge.
(d) Filter rates assigned by the Director
must never be exceeded, even during backwash periods.
(e) The use of filter types other than
conventional rapid sand gravity filters must receive written approval from the
Director prior to the preparation of final plans and specifications.
(3) Number of Filters Required.
At least two filter units shall be provided. Where only two
filter units are provided, each shall be capable of meeting the plant design
capacity (normally the projected peak day demand) at the approved filtration
rate. Where more than two filter units are provided, filters shall be capable
of meeting the plant design capacity at the approved filtration rate with one
filter removed from service. Refer to
R309-525-5
for situations where these requirements may be relaxed.
(4) Media Design.
R309-525-15(4)(a) through R309-525-15(4)(e), which follow,
give requirements for filter media design. These requirements are considered
minimum and may be made more stringent if deemed appropriate by the
Director.
(a) Mono-media, Rapid Rate
Gravity Filters.
The allowable maximum filtration rate for a silica sand,
mono-media filter is three gpm/sf This type of filter is composed of clean
silica sand having an effective size of 0.35 mm to 0.65 mm and having a
uniformity coefficient less than 1.7. The total bed thickness must not be less
than 24 inches nor generally more than 30 inches.
(b) Dual Media, Rapid Rate Gravity Filters.
The following applies to all dual media filters:
(i) Total depth of filter bed shall not be
less than 24 inches nor generally more than 30 inches.
(ii) All materials used to make up the filter
bed shall be of such particle size and density that they will be effectively
washed at backwash rates between 15 and 20 gpm/sf They must settle to
reconstitute the bed essentially in the original layers upon completion of
backwashing.
(iii) The bottom layer
must be at least ten inches thick and consist of a material having an effective
size no greater than 0.45 mm and a uniformity coefficient not greater than
1.5.
(iv) The top layer shall
consist of clean crushed anthracite coal having an effective size of 0.45 mm to
1.2 mm, and a uniformity coefficient not greater than 1.5.
(v) Dual media filters will be assigned a
filter rate up to six gpm/sf. Generally if the bottom fine layer consists of a
material having an effective size of 0.35 mm or less, a filtration rate of six
gpm/sf can be assigned.
(vi) Each
dual media filter must be provided with equipment which shall continuously
monitor turbidity in the filtered water. The equipment shall be so designed to
initiate automatic backwash if the filter effluent turbidity exceeds 0.3 NTU.
If the filter turbidity exceeds one NTU, filter shutdown is required. In plants
attended part- time, this shutdown must be accomplished automatically and shall
be accompanied by an alarm. In plants having full-time operators, a one NTU
condition need only activate an alarm. Filter shutdown may then be accomplished
by the operator.
(c)
Tri-Media, Rapid Rate Gravity Filters.
The following applies to all Tri-media filters:
(i) Total depth of filter bed shall not be
less than 24 inches nor generally more than 30 inches.
(ii) All materials used to make up the filter
bed shall be of such particle size and density that they will be effectively
washed at backwash rates between 15 and 20 gpm/sf. They must settle to
reconstitute the bed to the normal gradation of coarse to fine in the direction
of flow upon completion of backwashing.
(iii) The bottom layer must be at least four
inches thick and consist of a material having an effective size no greater than
0.45 mm and uniformity coefficient not greater than 2.2. The bottom layer
thickness may be reduced to three inches if it consists of a material having an
effective size no greater than 0.25 mm and a uniformity coefficient not greater
than 2.2.
(iv) The middle layer
must consist of silica sand having an effective size of 0.35 mm to 0.8 mm, and
a uniformity coefficient not greater than 1.8.
(v) The top layer shall consist of clean
crushed anthracite coal having an effective size of 0.45 mm to 1.2 mm, and a
uniformity coefficient not greater than 1.85.
(vi) Tri-media filters will be assigned a
filter rate up to 6 gpm/sf. Generally, if the bottom fine layer consists of a
material having an effective size of 0.35 mm or less, a filtration rate of six
gpm/sf can be assigned.
(vii) Each
Tri-media filter must be provided with equipment which shall continuously
monitor turbidity in the filtered water. The equipment shall be so designed to
initiate automatic backwash if the effluent turbidity exceeds 0.3 NTU. If the
filter turbidity exceeds one NTU, filter shutdown is required. In plants
attended part- time, this shutdown must be accomplished automatically and shall
be accompanied by an alarm. In plants having full-time operators, a one NTU
condition need only activate an alarm. Filter shutdown may then be accomplished
by the operator.
(d)
Granulated Activated Carbon (GAC).
Use of granular activated carbon media shall receive the
prior approval of the Director, and must meet the basic specifications for
filter material as given above, and:
(i) There shall be provision for adding a
disinfectant to achieve a suitable residual in the water following the filters
and prior to distribution,
(ii)
There shall be a means for periodic treatment of filter material for control of
biological or other growths,
(iii)
Facilities for carbon regeneration or replacement must be provided.
(e) Other Media Compositions and
Configurations.
Filters consisting of materials or configurations not
prescribed in this section will be considered on experimental data or available
operation experience.
(5) Support Media, Filter Bottoms and
Strainer Systems.
Care must be taken to insure that filter media, support
media, filter bottoms and strainer systems are compatible and will give
satisfactory service at all times.
(a)
Support Media.
The design of support media will vary with the configuration
of the filtering media and the filter bottom. Thus, support media and/or
proprietary filter bottoms shall be reviewed on a case-by-case basis.
(b) Filter Bottoms and Strainer
Systems.
(i) The design of manifold type
collection systems shall:
(A) Minimize loss
of head in the manifold and laterals,
(B) Assure even distribution of washwater and
even rate of filtration over the entire area of the filter,
(C) Provide a ratio of the area of the final
openings of the strainer system to the area of the filter of about
0.003,
(D) Provide the total
cross-sectional area of the laterals at about twice the total area of the final
openings,
(E) Provide the
cross-sectional area of the manifold at 1.5 to 2 times the total area of the
laterals.
(ii)
Departures from these standards may be acceptable for high rate filter and for
proprietary bottoms.
(iii) Porous
plate bottoms shall not be used where calcium carbonate, iron or manganese may
clog them or with waters softened by lime.
(6) Structural Details and Hydraulics.
The filter structure shall be so designed as to provide
for:
(a) Vertical walls within the
filter,
(b) No protrusion of the
filter walls into the filter media,
(c) Cover by superstructure,
(d) Head room to permit normal inspection and
operation,
(e) Minimum water depth
over the surface of the filter media of three feet, unless an exception is
granted by the Director,
(f)
Maximum water depth above the filter media shall not exceed 12 feet,
(g) Trapped effluent to prevent backflow of
air to the bottom of the filters,
(h) Prevention of floor drainage to enter
onto the filter by installation of a minimum four inch curb around the
filters,
(i) Prevention of flooding
by providing an overflow or other means of control,
(j) Maximum velocity of treated water in pipe
and conduits to filters of two fps,
(k) Cleanouts and straight alignment for
influent pipes or conduits where solids loading is heavy or following lime-soda
softening,
(l) Washwater drain
capacity to carry maximum flow,
(m)
Walkways around filters, to be not less than 24 inches wide,
(n) Safety handrails or walls around filter
areas adjacent to normal walkways,
(o) No common wall between filtered and
unfiltered water shall exist. This requirement may be waived by the Director
for small "package" type plants using metal tanks of sufficient
thickness,
(p) Filtration to waste
for each filter.
(7)
Backwash.
(a) Water Backwash Without Air.
Water backwash systems shall be designed so that backwash
water is not recycled to the head of the treatment plant unless it has been
settled, as a minimum. Furthermore, water backwash systems; including tanks,
pumps and pipelines, shall:
(i)
Provide a minimum backwash rate of 15 gpm/sf, consistent with water
temperatures and the specific gravity of the filter media. The design shall
provide for adequate backwash with minimum media loss. A reduced rate of 10
gpm/sf may be acceptable for full depth anthracite or granular activated carbon
filters.
(ii) provide finished
drinking water at the required rate by washwater tanks, a washwater pump, from
the high service main, or a combination of these.
(iii) Permit the backwashing of any one
filter for not less than 15 minutes.
(iv) Be capable of backwashing at least two
filters, consecutively.
(v) Include
a means of varying filter backwash rate and time.
(vi) Include a washwater regulator or valve
on the main washwater line to obtain the desired rate of filter wash with
washwater valves or the individual filters open wide.
(vii) Include a rate of flow indicator,
preferably with a totalizer on the main washwater line, located so that it can
be easily read by the operator during the washing process.
(viii) Be designed to prevent rapid changes
in backwash water flow.
(ix) Use
only finished drinking water.
(x)
Have washwater pumps in duplicate unless an alternate means of obtaining
washwater is available.
(xi)
Perform in conjunction with "filter to waste" system to allow filter to
stabilize before introduction into clearwell.
(b) Backwash with Air Scouring.
Air scouring can be considered in place of surface wash
when:
(i) air flow for air scouring
the filter must be 3 to 5 scfm/sf of filter area when the air is introduced in
the underdrain; a lower air rate must be used when the air scour distribution
system is placed above the underdrains,
(ii) a method for avoiding excessive loss of
the filter media during backwashing must be provided,
(iii) air scouring must be followed by a
fluidization wash sufficient to restratify the media,
(iv) air must be free from
contamination,
(v) air scour
distribution systems shall be placed below the media and supporting bed
interface; if placed at the interface the air scour nozzles shall be designed
to prevent media from clogging the nozzles or entering the air distribution
system.
(vi) piping for the air
distribution system shall not be flexible hose which will collapse when not
under air pressure and shall not be a relatively soft material which may erode
at the orifice opening with the passage of air at high velocity.
(vii) air delivery piping shall not pass down
through the filter media nor shall there be any arrangement in the filter
design which would allow short circuiting between the applied unfiltered water
and the filtered water,
(viii)
consideration shall be given to maintenance and replacement of air delivery
piping,
(ix) when air scour is
provided the backwash water rate shall be variable and shall not exceed eight
gpm/sf unless operating experience shows that a higher rate is necessary to
remove scoured particles from filter surfaces.
(x) the filter underdrains shall be designed
to accommodate air scour piping when the piping is installed in the underdrain,
and
(xi) the provisions of Section
R309-525-15(7)(a) (Backwash) shall be followed.
(8) Surface Wash or Subsurface Wash.
Surface wash or subsurface wash facilities are required
except for filters used exclusively for iron or manganese removal. Washing may
be accomplished by a system of fixed nozzles or a revolving-type apparatus,
provided:
(a) Provisions for water
pressures of at least 45 psi,
(b) A
properly installed vacuum breaker or other approved device to prevent
back-siphonage if connected to a finished drinking water system,
(c) All washwater must be finished drinking
water,
(d) Rate of flow of two
gpm/sf of filter area with fixed nozzles or 0.5 gpm/sf with revolving
arms.
(9) Washwater
Troughs.
Washwater troughs shall be so designed to provide:
(a) The bottom elevation above the maximum
level of expanded media during washing,
(b) A two inch freeboard at the maximum rate
of wash,
(c) The top edge level and
all edges of trough at the same elevation
(d) Spacing so that each trough serves the
same number of square feet of filter areas,
(e) Maximum horizontal travel of suspended
particles to reach the trough not to exceed three feet.
(10) Appurtenances.
(a) The following shall be provided for every
filter:
(i) Sample taps or means to obtain
samples from influent and effluent,
(ii) A gauge indicating loss of
head,
(iii) A meter indicating
rate-of-flow. A modified rate controller which limits the rate of filtration to
a maximum rate may be used. However, equipment that simply maintains a constant
water level on the filters is not acceptable, unless the rate of flow onto the
filter is properly controlled,
(iv)
A continuous turbidity monitoring device where the filter is to be loaded at a
rate greater than three gpm/sf
(v)
Provisions for draining the filter to waste with appropriate measures for
backflow prevention (see
R309-525-23
).
(i) Wall sleeves providing access to the
filter interior at several locations for sampling or pressure
sensing,
(ii) A 1.0 inch to 1.5
inch diameter pressure hose and storage rack at the operating floor for washing
filter walls.
(11) Miscellaneous.
Roof drains shall not discharge into filters or basins and
conduits preceding the filters.
