A pseudonym name is a false name or identity, usually used in place of the actual name of a plaintiff in a civil case to maintain anonymity. Common examples of pseudonym names in cases are Roe and Doe.
Since the judicial system operates under a presumption of the openness of court proceedings, parties are expected to disclose their identities in court actions. However, courts are willing to permit parties to proceed under pseudonyms where parties’ substantial privacy rights outweigh the presumption of openness, like in situations involving sensitive personal matters or threatening physical harm or social stigma.
Pseudonymity is often controlled by court rules, which vary greatly between states. New Hampshire’s Local Rule 10.1 requires the party to file a notice of intent to use a pseudonym along with a motion setting forth the justification for using a pseudonym. The party’s legal name is disclosed to the court but not released publicly.
[Last updated in February of 2024 by the Wex Definitions Team]