(a) Scaffolds shall be provided for all work
that cannot be done safely by employees standing on permanent or solid
construction at least 20 inches wide, except where such work can be safely done
from ladders.
EXCEPTIONS:
1.
WORK OF A LIMITED NATURE AND OF SHORT DURATION WHEN THE PERMANENT OR SOLID
CONSTRUCTION IS LESS THAN 20 INCHES IN WIDTH AND THE FALL DISTANCE DOES NOT
EXCEED 15 FEET IN HEIGHT AND PROVIDED ADEQUATE RISK CONTROL IS RECOGNIZED AND
MAINTAINED UNDER COMPETENT SUPERVISION.
2. WORK OF A SHORT DURATION FROM JOISTS OR
SIMILAR MEMBERS AT 2 FEET OR CLOSER CENTERS, PLANKS RESTING ON THESE MEMBERS
FORMING A PLANK PLATFORM 12 INCHES WIDE OR EQUIVALENT
PROTECTION.
(b) Scaffold
Design and Construction.
(1) Scaffolds shall
be constructed of wood or other suitable materials such as steel or aluminum
members of known strength characteristics. Where materials other than wood are
used, or where scaffold designs differ from those specified in these Orders,
the scaffold and its parts must provide a degree of strength, rigidity and
safety equivalent to that provided by the described scaffold it
replaces.
(2) Each scaffold shall
be designed and constructed using a dead load safety factor that will ensure
the scaffold supports, without failure, its own weight and 4 times the maximum
intended working (live) load applied or transmitted to it. Maximum intended
working loads shall be as follows:
(A)
Light-duty scaffolds: 25 pounds per square foot of work platform.
EXCEPTION: Light-duty interior scaffolds shall adhere to
the loading requirements contained in Section
1640(c)(1).
(B) Medium-duty scaffolds: 50 pounds per
square foot of work platform.
(C)
Heavy-duty scaffolds: 75 pounds per square foot of work platform.
(D) Special-duty scaffolds: exceeding 75
pounds per square foot of work platform as determined by a qualified person or
a Civil Engineer currently registered in the State of California and
experienced in scaffold design.
(E)
Engineered scaffolds: as determined by a Civil Engineer currently registered in
the State of California and experienced in scaffold design.
(3) A scaffold shall not be subjected to
loads greater than its maximum intended working load (see
1637(b)(2)).
(4) Manufactured
scaffolds shall be used in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.
EXCEPTION: Where specific requirements that address
riding on a rolling scaffold in Section
1646(i) and (j)
may conflict with the manufacturer's recommendations, the provisions in Section
1646(i) and (j)
take precedence.
(5) A
qualified person shall determine the maximum intended working loads for
scaffolds that are neither manufactured nor engineered.
(6) The maximum intended working load for
each scaffold shall be posted at a conspicuous location at each jobsite or be
provided to each supervisory employee who shall have it readily available at
the jobsite.
(c)
Anchorage and bracing shall be such that scaffolds and falsework will be
prevented from swaying, tipping, or collapsing.
(d) Scaffold lumber, except for planks, used
on suspended or ladder-jack scaffolds, shall be the equivalent of "selected
lumber," free from damage that affects its strength. (See definitions for
lumber specifications.)
(e)
(1) Extension planking of the finger type
shall be made with at least 5 fingers on each side. These fingers shall be at
least 1-inch by 2 1/8 -inch selected straight-grained Douglas fir or material
of equal strength. All metal fittings shall be adequate to maintain the
structural qualities of the device.
(2) The length of the extended planking shall
not exceed 12 feet 6 inches, and the actual mechanical overlap between the 2
halves shall be not less than 1/8 of the length of the extended planking. A
substantial stop shall be provided to maintain this overlap.
(3) Not more than one employee shall be
permitted at one time on any extension planking that is more than 3 feet in
height.
(4) Extension planking
shall not be used as a platform on ladder-jack, suspended, or other unstable
scaffolds.
(f) This
subsection provides minimum labeling, design and construction requirements for
scaffold planking, such as solid sawn planks, manufactured platforms of wood
(including laminated planks), metal planking, and planking manufactured from
other materials.
(1) Except as specified in
other Orders, all solid sawn planking shall be at least equivalent to 2-inch x
10-inch (nominal) lumber selected for scaffold grade plank as defined in
Section
1504, Lumber--"Structural
Plank."
(2)
(A) The maximum permissible spans for Douglas
Fir and Southern Pine planking for 2 x 10-inch (nominal) or 2 x 9-inch (rough)
planks shall be as shown in the following Table:
Working (Live) Load
(psf).......................... |
25 |
50 |
75 |
Permissible Span
(ft.).......................... |
10 |
8 |
7 |
(B) The maximum permissible spans allowed for
other wood species of scaffold planking shall not exceed 10 feet and shall be
determined by a licensed professional engineer.
(3)
(A) All
manufactured scaffold planking including, but not limited to, engineered wood
products, laminated veneer lumber, metal, composite, plastic, or any other
manufactured planks shall be capable of supporting, without failure, its own
weight and 4 times the maximum intended working (live) load.
(B) Manufactured planks with spans in excess
of 10 feet shall be labeled to indicate the maximum intended working (live)
load.
(C) Manufactured scaffold
planks shall be used in accordance with the manufacturer's
specifications.
(4) Prior
to being placed in service, all laminated veneer lumber scaffold planks,
manufactured after December 2, 2010 shall be labeled with the seal of an
independent, nationally recognized, inspection agency approved by the
International Accreditation Services (IAS) certifying compliance with ASTM D
5456-09a and ANSI/ASSE A10.8-2001, Section
5.2.10.
NOTE: ASTM D 5456-09a is the standard for the evaluation
of structural composite lumber products. ANSI/ASSE A10.8-2001, Section
5.2.10. requires the inspection
agency to certify that laminated veneer lumber scaffold planks are compliant
with the design criteria in the ANSI/ASSE A10.8 standard.
(5) Prior to being placed into service, all
solid sawn wood scaffold planks shall be certified by, or bear the grade stamp
of, a grading agency approved by the American Lumber Standards
Committee.
(6) All scaffold planks
shall be visually inspected for defects before use each day.
(7) Defective or damaged scaffold planks
shall not be used and shall be removed from service.
(g) Except as specified in other Orders, a
scaffold plank shall not overhang its support by more than 18 inches, unless
access to this overhanging portion is prevented by a guardrail, or other
barrier, or unless the other plank end is securely anchored.
(h) Inspection of Lumber. All scaffold lumber
shall be visually inspected for defects before and during use. Defective lumber
shall not be used.
(i)
(1) Nailing. All nailed joints in scaffolds
and wooden falsework must contain enough properly placed nails of ample size to
carry the loads they are intended to support.
(2) Nailed joints or connections shall not be
used to support concrete hoppers with a capacity in excess of ½ cubic
yard.
(3) Double-headed nails shall
not be used for attaching railings or in other service where the projections
might catch on the clothing of workers or create similar hazards.
(4) No nail smaller than 8-penny shall be
used in the construction of scaffolding.
(5) All nails shall be driven full length or
to the first head when double-headed nails are used.
(6) The minimum number of nails per
connection shall be in accordance with the following table:
|
1" x 6"
Material
|
1" x 8"
Material
|
2" Material
|
Ledgers
|
4-8d
|
5-8d
|
2-16d
|
Ribbons
|
3-8d
|
3-8d
|
|
Braces
|
3-8d
|
3-8d
|
2-16d
|
Guardrails
|
2-8d
|
2-8d
|
2-16d
|
(7) Lubricated or wax-coated nails shall not
be used in the construction of scaffolds, falsework, or other temporary
installations.
(j)
Prohibited Types of Scaffolds. Lean-to or jack scaffolds, shore scaffolds,
nailed brackets, loose tile, loose brick, loose blocks, stilts, or other
similar unstable objects shall not be used as working platforms, or for the
support of such platforms. See Plate B-40, Appendix.
EXCEPTION: Bricklayer's "jump boards" no higher than 20
inches above the regular scaffold platform are acceptable for such service when
supported by piers of carefully piled bricks or concrete
blocks.
(k) Erection and
Dismantling.
(1) The erection and dismantling
of scaffolds or falsework shall be performed under the supervision and
direction of a qualified person.
NOTE: In addition to persons meeting the requirements of
"qualified persons" as defined in Section
1504, person(s) possessing a
certification of competence in scaffold erection, dismantling and use issued by
trade associations, State-approved apprenticeship or training programs or other
similar training programs shall be considered a "qualified
person(s)."
(2) Erection and
dismantling of scaffolds shall be performed in accordance with good engineering
practice. Where engineering design is required by these orders, the engineering
drawings shall be made available at the job site during erection or upon
request by the Division.
(3) All
required ties to the structure shall be installed as soon as the scaffold has
been completed to the tie-in area during erection.
(4) Ties shall only be removed during
dismantling as the work progresses downward unless other methods are used to
prevent the scaffold from falling over.
(5) No structural members shall be removed
from scaffolds during dismantling operations below the level being
dismantled.
(6) Where work
platforms are proposed, guardrails shall be installed before other work not
directly related to scaffold erection is permitted to begin.
(7) The requirements of Section
1637(k) (2) through
(6), inclusive, may be temporarily suspended
for short durations, provided adequate risk control is recognized and
maintained under immediate, competent supervision.
(l) Removal of Braces. Scaffolds or falsework
installations shall not be altered by removing uprights, braces, or supports
unless other members providing equivalent strength are substituted.
(m) Loading. Scaffolds shall not be
overloaded. Material shall not be allowed to accumulate to the extent that a
scaffold is subjected to loading it is not designed to support.
(n) Access.
(1) A safe and unobstructed means of access,
such as a walkway, stair, or ladder shall be provided to all scaffold
platforms.
(2) Climbing ladders or
stairways on scaffolds used for access and egress shall be affixed or built
into the scaffold by proper design and engineering, and shall be so located
that their use will not disturb the stability of the scaffold.
(A) Manufactured hook-on and attachable
ladders shall be securely attached to the scaffold and:
1. Shall be specifically designed for the
type of scaffold used;
2. Shall
have a minimum rung length of 11- ½ inches (29 cm);
3. Shall have uniform spaced rungs with a
maximum spacing between rungs of 16- ¾ inches;
4. Shall be positioned so that their bottom
rung is not more than 24 inches (61 cm) above the scaffold supporting level;
and
5. When hook-on and attachable
ladders are used on a supported scaffold more than 35 feet (10.7 m) high, they
shall have rest platforms at 35-foot (10.7 m) maximum vertical
intervals.
(B) If a
ladder is used as a means of access to the scaffold, it shall be securely
attached and shall comply with Article 25 of the Construction Safety
Orders.
(C) Permanent stairways
shall comply with the applicable provisions of the General Industry Safety
Orders. Prefabricated scaffold steps or stairs, manufactured on or before May
28, 2005, shall comply with the design, manufacture and installation
requirements of either the American National Standard ANSI A10.8-1988,
Scaffolding-Safety Requirements, or the ANSI/ASSE A10.8-2001, Safety
Requirements for Scaffolding, which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Prefabricated scaffold steps or stairs, manufactured after May 28, 2005, shall
comply with the design, manufacture and installation requirements of ANSI/ASSE
A10.8-2001, Safety Requirements for Scaffolding.
(D) Horizontal members of end frames may be
designed and used as a climbing device provided that the steps are:
1. Reasonably parallel and level.
2. Arranged to form a continuous ladder as
required in Section
1644(a)(8).
3. Provided with sufficient clearance to
provide a good handhold and foot space.
(o) Sloped Platforms. Platforms shall not be
sloped more than 2 feet vertically to 10 feet horizontally and shall be
positively secured against slipping from supports.
(p) Slippery Conditions. No worker shall be
permitted to work on a scaffold platform where slippery conditions exist unless
such conditions are a necessary part of the work.
(q) Overhead Protection. Workers on scaffolds
who are exposed to overhead hazards shall be provided with overhead protection
or other means that will effectively eliminate the hazard.
(r) Bolted Connections. Bolts used in the
construction of scaffolds shall be of a size and in sufficient numbers at each
connection to develop the designed strength of the scaffold. (See Plate B-31,
Appendix.)
(s) Hoisting of
Materials. Where materials are line-hoisted onto a scaffold, a tag line shall
be used where necessary to control the load.
(t) Platform Planks at Corners. When a
scaffold materially changes its direction, the platform planks shall be laid to
prevent tipping. The planks that meet the corner ledger at an angle shall be
laid first, extending over the diagonally placed ledger far enough to have a
good safe bearing, but not far enough to involve any danger from tipping. The
planking running in the opposite direction at an angle shall be laid so as to
extend over and rest on the first layer of planking.
(u) Work on or from scaffolds is prohibited
during storms or high winds unless a qualified person has determined that it is
safe for employees to be on the scaffold and those employees are protected by a
personal fall arrest system, as defined in Section
1504 of these Orders, or wind
screens. Wind screens shall not be used unless the scaffold is secured against
the anticipated wind forces imposed.
(v) Wood platforms shall not be covered with
opaque finishes, except that platform edges may be covered or marked for
identification. Platforms may be coated periodically with wood preservatives,
fire-retardant finishes, and slip-resistant finishes; however, the coating may
not obscure the top or bottom wood surfaces.
(w) Platforms, including, but not limited to,
those consisting of solid sawn wood planks, engineered wood products, laminated
veneer lumber, metal, composite, plastic, or any other manufactured planks,
shall not deflect more than 1/60 of the span when loaded to the manufacturer's
recommended maximum load.
Notes
Cal. Code Regs. Tit. 8, §
1637
1.
Amendment filed 11-14-75; effective thirtieth day thereafter (Register 75, No.
46).
2. Amendment of subsections (i) and (l) filed 10-5-81;
effective thirtieth day thereafter (Register 81, No. 41).
3.
Amendment filed 7-24-87; operative 8-23-87 (Register 87, No. 33).
4.
Amendment of subsection (n)(2)(B) filed 3-19-99; operative 4-18-99 (Register
99, No. 12).
5. New subsections (u) and (v) filed 4-6-2001;
operative 5-6-2001 (Register 2001, No. 14).
6. New subsection (b),
redesignation of former subsection (b) as new subsection (b)(1) and new
subsections (b)(2)-(6) filed 7-11-2003; operative 8-10-2003 (Register 2003, No.
28).
7. New subsections (n)(2)(A)-(n)(2)(A)3., subsection
relettering and amendment of newly designated subsections (n)(2)(C) and
(n)(2)(D)2. filed 4-28-2005; operative 5-28-2005 (Register 2005, No.
17).
8. New subsection (b)(4) EXCEPTION filed 7-31-2009; operative
8-30-2009 (Register 2009, No. 31).
9. New subsection (f), amendment
of subsection (f)(1), redesignation and amendment of subsection (f)(2) as
subsection (f)(2)(A), new subsection (f)(2)(B), repealer of subsections
(f)(3)-(4) and new subsections (f)(3)(A)-(f)(7) and (w) filed 11-2-2010;
operative 12-2-2010 (Register 2010, No. 45).
10. Amendment of
subsections (n)(2)(A)2.-3. and new subsections (n)(2)(A)4.-5. filed 6-5-2017;
operative 6-5-2017. Submitted to OAL for printing only pursuant to Labor Code
section
142.3(a)(3)
(Register 2017, No. 23).
Note: Authority cited: Section
142.3, Labor
Code. Reference: Section
142.3, Labor
Code.
1. Amendment filed
11-14-75; effective thirtieth day thereafter (Register 75, No.
46).
2. Amendment of subsections (i) and (l) filed 10-5-81;
effective thirtieth day thereafter (Register 81, No. 41).
3.
Amendment filed 7-24-87; operative 8-23-87 (Register 87, No. 33).
4.
Amendment of subsection (n)(2)(B) filed 3-19-99; operative 4-18-99 (Register
99, No. 12).
5. New subsections (u) and (v) filed 4-6-2001;
operative 5-6-2001 (Register 2001, No. 14).
6. New subsection (b),
redesignation of former subsection (b) as new subsection (b)(1) and new
subsections (b)(2)-(6) filed 7-11-2003; operative 8-10-2003 (Register 2003, No.
28).
7. New subsections (n)(2)(A)-(n)(2)(A)3., subsection
relettering and amendment of newly designated subsections (n)(2)(C) and
(n)(2)(D)2. filed 4-28-2005; operative 5-28-2005 (Register 2005, No.
17).
8. New subsection (b)(4) Exception filed 7-31-2009; operative
8-30-2009 (Register 2009, No. 31).
9. New subsection (f), amendment
of subsection (f)(1), redesignation and amendment of subsection (f)(2) as
subsection (f)(2)(A), new subsection (f)(2)(B), repealer of subsections
(f)(3)-(4) and new subsections (f)(3)(A)-(f)(7) and (w) filed 11-2-2010;
operative 12-2-2010 (Register 2010, No. 45).
10. Amendment of
subsections (n)(2)(A)2.-3. and new subsections (n)(2)(A)4.-5. filed 6-5-2017;
operative 6/5/2017. Submitted to OAL for printing only
pursuant to Labor Code section
142.3(a)(3)
(Register
2017, No. 23).