Commerce refers generally to the activity of exchanging products, goods, and services for financial gain. The word commerce usually is used to mean economic activity broadly on a national or other large scale. Commerce can be used in many contexts but is most commonly used by governments in their constitutions and laws to define the authority of the government to regulate commerce activity.
The Commerce Clause refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution, which gives Congress the power “to regulate commerce with foreign nations, among states, and with the Indian tribes.”
Energy is the capacity to perform work or produce power. As infrastructure, energy is delivered through various systems utilizing electricity, natural gas, oil, nuclear power, and renewable resources.
Environmental law refers to a variety of protections which share the goal of protecting the environment.
Excise Tax is a tax on a specific item, belonging to a special class of items. The classes of items are frequently specialty or luxury items, such as tobacco, fuel, and alcohol. Such taxes may be imposed on the manufacturer, retailer, or consumer, depending on the specific tax. Some excise taxes, such as property taxes and excise tax penalties on certain retirement account activity, can be levied directly from the customer.
International environmental law (sometimes international ecological law) is a field of international law regulating the behavior of states and international organizations concerning the environment. See: Phillipe Sands, et al, Principles of International Environmental Law (4th ed., Cambridge, 2018). Core global regulation domains include the world's oceans and fisheries management, the polar ice caps, and the regulation of carbon and other particulate emiss
Liquefied natural gas rates are prices that natural gas companies charge for transportation or sale of liquefied natural gas (LNG). LNG is natural gas that is cooled to its liquid state for safer and easier transportation or storage.
Natural resources, as defined in the Code of Federal Regulations (40 C.F.R.), encompass land, fish, wildlife, biota, air, water, ground water, drinking water supplies, and other such resources belonging to, managed by, held in trust by, appertaining to, or otherwise controlled by the United States, any state or local government, or any foreign government.
The open mines doctrine is a common law doctrine in property law that permits a life tenant to commit voluntary waste on a piece of land by depleting it of natural resources.
Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States (1911) is a U.S. Supreme Court case holding that Standard Oil Company, a major oil conglomerate in the early 20th century, violated the Sherman Antitrust Act through anticompetitive actions, i.e. forming a monopoly, and ordered that the company be geographically split.
