25 Pa. Code § 109.1003 - Monitoring requirements
(a)
General monitoring requirements. Bottled water and vended
water systems, retail water facilities and bulk water hauling systems shall
monitor for compliance with the MCLs, MRDLs and treatment techniques as
follows, except that systems which have installed treatment to comply with a
primary MCL shall conduct quarterly operational monitoring for the contaminant
which the treatment is designed to remove:
(1)
Bottled water systems, retail water facilities and bulk water hauling systems,
for each entry point shall:
(i) Monitor
weekly for the presence or absence of total coliform. For any total coliform
positive routine or check sample, determine the presence or absence of
E. coli. All analyses must be conducted in accordance with
analytical techniques approved by the Department under §
109.304 (relating to analytical
requirements). A system may forego E. coli testing on a total
coliform-positive sample if the system assumes that any total coliform-positive
sample is also E. coli-positive. A system which chooses to
forego E. coli testing shall, under §
109.701(a)(3)
(relating to reporting and recordkeeping), notify the Department within 1 hour
after the water system learns of the violation or the situation, and shall
provide public notice in accordance with §
109.1004 (relating to public
notification).
(ii) Monitor for
turbidity every 4 hours or continuously each day a surface water or GUDI source
is in use.
(iii) Monitor for
compliance with the MCLs for VOCs in accordance with
109.301(5)
beginning during the quarter that begins January 1, 1995, except that:
(A) Systems that obtain finished water from
another permitted public water system are exempt from conducting monitoring for
the VOCs if the public water system supplying the finished water performs the
required monitoring at least annually and a copy of the analytical reports are
received by the Department.
(B) For
systems in existence prior to January 1, 1995, that obtain raw water from only
protected groundwater sources, initial monitoring for compliance with the MCLs
for VOCs established by the EPA under
40 CFR
141.61(a) (relating to MCLs
for organic contaminants) on January 30, 1991, and July 17, 1992, will be
reduced to one sample for entry points or systems which meet the following
conditions:
(I) The VOC monitoring required
by the Department between January 1, 1988, and December 31, 1994, has been
conducted and no VOCs were detected.
(II) The first quarter of VOC monitoring
required by this subparagraph has been conducted during the first quarter of
1995 with no detection of a VOC.
(C) Initial monitoring of new entry points
associated with new sources which are permitted in accordance with
109.1005
(relating to permit requirements) to begin operation after December 31, 1994,
shall be conducted as follows:
(I) Entry
points at which a VOC is detected during new source monitoring shall be
monitored quarterly beginning the first quarter the entry points begin serving
the public. Quarterly monitoring shall continue until reduced monitoring is
granted in accordance with clause (D)(I).
(II) Entry points at which no VOC is detected
during new source monitoring shall begin initial quarterly monitoring during
the first calendar quarter of the year after the entry point begins serving the
public.
(D) Repeat
monitoring for entry points shall be conducted as follows:
(I) For an entry point at which a VOC is
detected during initial monitoring or where a VOC is detected anytime at a
level in excess of its MCL, compliance monitoring shall be repeated quarterly
for the VOCs for which the EPA has established MCLs under
40 CFR
141.61(a), except for vinyl
chloride as provided in
109.301(5)(i).
After analyses of four consecutive quarterly samples at an entry point,
including initial quarterly monitoring samples, demonstrate that the VOC levels
in each quarterly sample are less than the MCLs, the required compliance
monitoring is reduced to one sample per year at that entry point for all 21
VOCs, except for vinyl chloride as provided in § 109.301(5)(i).
(II) For a groundwater or surface water entry
point at which VOCs are not detected during the initial and subsequent repeat
monitoring, repeat monitoring shall be one sample per year from that entry
point.
(iv)
Conduct initial and repeat monitoring for compliance with the MCLs for
SOCs-pesticides and PCBs-in accordance with
109.301(6)
for four consecutive quarters beginning during the quarter that begins January
1, 1995, except that:
(A) Systems that obtain
finished water from another permitted public water system are exempt from
conducting compliance monitoring for the SOCs if one of the following applies:
(I) The public water system supplying the
finished water performs the required monitoring annually and a copy of the
analytical results are received by the Department.
(II) The public water system supplying the
water has been granted a waiver from conducting the initial or repeat
compliance monitoring, or both, for one or more SOCs under
109.301(6)(v).
This exemption from conducting compliance monitoring applies only to SOCs
indicated in the waiver.
(B) Systems which are granted an initial
monitoring waiver in accordance with
109.301(6)(v)
are exempt from conducting compliance monitoring for the SOCs indicated in the
waiver.
(C) Initial monitoring of
new entry points associated with new sources which are permitted in accordance
with
109.1005 to
begin operation after December 31, 1994, shall be conducted as follows:
(I) Entry points at which an SOC is detected
during new source monitoring shall be monitored quarterly beginning the first
quarter the entry points begin serving the public. Quarterly monitoring shall
continue until reduced monitoring is granted in accordance with clause
(D)(I).
(II) Entry points at which
no SOC is detected during new source monitoring and which begin operation
before April 1, 1995, shall conduct initial quarterly monitoring beginning
during the quarter beginning January 1, 1995.
(III) Entry points at which no SOC is
detected during new source monitoring and which begin operation after March 31,
1995, shall conduct initial quarterly monitoring beginning during the first
calendar quarter of the year after the entry point begins serving the
public.
(D) Repeat
monitoring for entry points shall be conducted as follows:
(I) For entry points at which an SOC is
detected during initial monitoring or where an SOC is detected anytime in
excess of its MCL, compliance monitoring shall be repeated quarterly for the
detected SOC for which the EPA has an established MCL under
40 CFR
141.61(c). After analyses of
four consecutive quarterly samples at an entry point, including initial
quarterly monitoring samples, demonstrate that the SOC level in each quarterly
sample is less than the MCL, the required compliance monitoring is reduced for
each SOC below the MCL to one sample per year at that entry point.
(II) For a groundwater or surface water entry
point at which SOCs are not detected during the initial and any subsequent
repeat monitoring, repeat monitoring shall be one sample per year from that
entry point.
(v) Beginning in 1995, monitor for the
primary IOCs, including lead and copper annually, except that:
(A) Systems are granted a waiver from
asbestos monitoring unless the Department determines that the system's finished
water is vulnerable to asbestos contamination by means of an asbestos cement
pipe or the system's source water is vulnerable to asbestos
contamination.
(B) Systems that
obtain finished water from another permitted public water system are exempt
from conducting compliance monitoring for the IOCs, except lead, copper and
asbestos if the supplying system has not optimized corrosion control, if the
public water system supplying the finished water performs the required
monitoring annually and a copy of the analytical results is received by the
Department.
(C) Monitoring for
compliance with the MCLs for nitrate and nitrite shall be conducted quarterly
following a monitoring result which is equal to or greater than 50% of the MCL.
After four consecutive quarterly samples, indicate nitrate and nitrite in each
sample are less than 50% of the MCLs, required monitoring is reduced to one
sample per year.
(vi)
Conduct operational monitoring for fluoride at least once each day, if the
system fluoridates its water.
(vii)
Monitor for compliance with radiological MCLs once every 4 years.
(viii)
TTHM and HAA5 Stage 1 DBP
Rule. Beginning January 1, 2004, monitor annually for TTHM and HAA5 if
the system uses a chemical disinfectant or oxidant, or obtains finished water
from another public water system that uses a chemical disinfectant or oxidant
to treat the water. Bottled water systems are not required to monitor for TTHM
and HAA5 if the system does not use a chlorine-based disinfectant or oxidant
and does not obtain finished water from another public water system that uses a
chlorine-based disinfectant or oxidant to treat the water.
(A)
Routine monitoring.
Systems shall take at least one sample per year per entry point during the
month of warmest water temperature. If the sample, or average of all samples,
exceeds either a TTHM or HAA5 MCL, the system shall take at least one sample
per quarter per entry point. The system shall return to the sampling frequency
of one sample per year per entry point if, after at least 1 year of monitoring,
the TTHM running annual average is no greater than 0.060 mg/L and the HAA5
running annual average is no greater than 0.045 mg/L.
(B)
Reduced monitoring.
Systems that use groundwater sources shall monitor for TTHM and HAA5 for at
least 1 year prior to qualifying for reduced monitoring. The Department retains
the right to require a system that meets the requirements of this clause to
resume routine monitoring.
(I) Systems that
use groundwater sources shall reduce monitoring to one sample per 3-year cycle
per entry point if the annual TTHM average is no greater than 0.040 mg/L and
the annual HAA5 average is no greater than 0.030 mg/L for 2 consecutive years
or the annual TTHM average is no greater than 0.020 mg/L and the annual HAA5
average is no greater than 0.015 mg/L for 1 year. The sample shall be taken
during the month of warmest water temperature. The 3-year cycle shall begin on
January 1 following the quarter in which the system qualifies for reduced
monitoring.
(II) Systems that use
groundwater sources that qualify for reduced monitoring shall remain on reduced
monitoring if the TTHM annual average is no greater than 0.060 mg/L and the
HAA5 annual average is no greater than 0.045 mg/L. Systems that exceed these
levels shall resume routine monitoring as prescribed in clause (A), except that
systems that exceed either a TTHM or HAA5 MCL shall increase monitoring to at
least one sample per quarter per entry point beginning in the quarter
immediately following the quarter in which the system exceeds the TTHM or HAA5
MCL.
(ix)
TTHM and HAA5 Stage 2 DBP Rule. Beginning October 1, 2013,
monitor annually for TTHM and HAA5 if the system uses a chemical disinfectant
or oxidant to treat the water, or obtains finished water from another public
water system that uses a chemical disinfectant or oxidant to treat the water as
follows:
(A)
Routine
monitoring. Systems shall take at least one dual sample set per year
per entry point during the peak historical month except that systems meeting
the conditions in subsection (d) or (e) shall monitor in accordance with
109.301(12)(ii)
(relating to general monitoring requirements).
(B)
Increased monitoring. If
any sample results exceed either a TTHM or HAA5 MCL, the system shall take at
least one dual sample set per quarter (every 90 days) per entry point. The
system shall return to the sampling frequency of one dual sample set per year
per entry point if, after at least 1 year of monitoring, each TTHM sample
result is no greater than 0.060 mg/L and each HAA5 sample result is no greater
than 0.045 mg/L.
(C)
Compliance determinations. Compliance with the TTHM and HAA5
MCLs is based on the LRAA.
(I) A system
required to monitor quarterly shall calculate LRAAs for TTHM and HAA5 using
monitoring results collected under this subparagraph and determine that each
LRAA does not exceed the MCL. A system that fails to complete 4 consecutive
quarters of monitoring shall calculate compliance with the MCL based on the
average of the available data from the most recent 4 quarters. A system that
takes more than one sample per quarter at a monitoring location shall average
all samples taken in the quarter at that location to determine a quarterly
average to be used in the LRAA calculation.
(II) A system required to monitor yearly or
less frequently shall determine that each sample result is less than the MCL.
If any single sample result exceeds the MCL, the system shall comply with the
requirements of clause (B). If no sample result exceeds the MCL, the sample
result for each monitoring location is considered the LRAA for that monitoring
location.
(III) A system required
to conduct quarterly monitoring shall make compliance calculations at the end
of the 4th calendar quarter that follows the compliance date (or earlier if the
LRAA calculated based on fewer than 4 quarters of data would cause the MCL to
be exceeded regardless of the monitoring results of subsequent quarters) and at
the end of each subsequent calendar quarter. A system required to conduct
monitoring at a frequency that is less than quarterly shall make compliance
calculations beginning with the first compliance sample taken after the
compliance date.
(IV) A system is
in violation of the MCL when the LRAA at any location exceeds the MCL for TTHM
or HAA5, calculated as specified in subclause (I), or the LRAA calculated based
on fewer than 4 quarters of data if the MCL would be exceeded regardless of the
monitoring results of subsequent quarters. If a system fails to monitor, the
system is in violation of the monitoring requirements for each quarter that a
monitoring result would be used in calculating an LRAA.
(x) Beginning January 1, 2004,
monitor daily for chlorite if the system uses chlorine dioxide for disinfection
or oxidation. Systems shall take at least one daily sample at the entry point.
If a daily sample exceeds the chlorite MCL, the system shall take three
additional samples within 24 hours from the same lot, batch, machine, carrier
vehicle or point of delivery. The chlorite MCL is based on the average of the
required daily sample plus any additional samples.
(xi) Beginning April 28, 2018, a system using
chlorine dioxide shall take one sample per day at each entry point. A violation
of the chlorine dioxide MRDL occurs when any entry point sample result exceeds
the chlorine dioxide MRDL.
(xii)
Beginning January 1, 2004, monitor monthly for bromate if the system uses ozone
for disinfection or oxidation.
(A)
Routine monitoring. Systems shall take one sample per month
for each entry point that uses ozone while the ozonation system is operating
under normal conditions.
(B)
Reduced monitoring.
(I)
Until March 31, 2009, systems shall reduce monitoring for bromate from monthly
to quarterly if the average source water bromide concentration is less than
0.05 mg/L based upon representative monthly bromide measurements for 1 year.
Systems on reduced monitoring shall continue monthly source water bromide
monitoring. If the running annual average source water bromide concentration,
computed quarterly, is equal to or exceeds 0.05 mg/L, the system shall revert
to routine monitoring as prescribed by clause (A).
(II) Beginning April 1, 2009, a system
required to analyze for bromate may reduce monitoring from monthly to
quarterly, if each sample result analyzed using methods specified in
40 CFR
141.132(b)(3)(ii)(B)
(relating to monitoring requirements) is less than or equal to 0.0025 mg/L
based on monthly measurements as prescribed in clause (A) for the most recent
12 months. Systems qualifying for reduced bromate monitoring under subclause
(I) may remain on reduced monitoring as long as each sample result analyzed
using methods specified in
40 CFR
141.132(b)(3)(ii)(B) from
the previous 12 months is less than or equal to 0.0025 mg/L. If any sample
result exceeds 0.0025 mg/L, the system shall resume routine monitoring as
prescribed under clause (A).
(xiii) Beginning April 28, 2018, a system
that provides filtration of surface water or GUDI sources shall comply with the
following:
(A) Maintain a residual at the
entry point as specified in
109.202(c)(1)(ii)
(relating to State MCLs, MRDLs and treatment technique requirements).
(B) Monitor residual disinfectant
concentration at the entry point in accordance with §
109.301(1)(i)(C).
(C) Report the
results in accordance with § 109.701(a)(2).
(xiv) Beginning April 28, 2018, a system that
uses or obtains finished water from another permitted public water system using
surface water or GUDI sources shall comply with the following requirements:
(A) As a minimum, a detectable residual
disinfectant concentration of 0.20 mg/L measured as total chlorine, combined
chlorine, chlorine dioxide or another level approved by the Department for
systems using an alternate oxidizing disinfection treatment shall be maintained
at the entry point as demonstrated by monitoring conducted under §
109.301(1) and (2) or (8)(v).
(B)
Sampling points with nondetectable residual disinfectant concentrations which
have heterotrophic plate count measurements of less than 500/ml are deemed to
be in compliance with clause (A).
(C) When the requirements of clause (A) or
(B) cannot be achieved, the supplier shall initiate an investigation under the
Department's direction to determine the cause, potential health risks and
appropriate remedial measures.
(xv) Beginning January 1, 2024, monitor for
compliance with the MCLs for PFAS established under § 109.202(a).
(A)
Monitoring exemption.
Systems that obtain finished water from another permitted public water system
are exempt from conducting monitoring for PFAS if the public water system
supplying the finished water performs the required monitoring at least annually
and a copy of the analytical reports are received by the Department.
(B)
Initial monitoring.
Initial monitoring shall consist of 4 consecutive quarterly samples at each
entry point. Systems that add new sources to new or existing entry points on or
after January 1, 2024, shall conduct initial monitoring according to this
clause. An entry point with one or more new sources shall be monitored for 4
consecutive quarters, beginning the first full quarter the entry point begins
serving the public.
(C)
Repeat monitoring. Repeat monitoring for entry points shall be
conducted as follows:
(I) For an entry point
at which a PFAS is detected during initial monitoring or where a PFAS is
detected anytime at a level in excess of its MCL, compliance monitoring for the
detected PFAS shall be conducted quarterly. After analyses of four consecutive
quarterly samples at an entry point, including initial quarterly monitoring
samples, demonstrate that the PFAS level in each quarterly sample is reliably
and consistently below the MCL, the required compliance monitoring is reduced
to one sample per year at that entry point for the detected PFAS.
(II) For an entry point at which a PFAS is
not detected during the initial and subsequent repeat monitoring, repeat
monitoring shall be one sample per year from that entry point.
(D)
Confirmation
samples. A confirmation sample shall be collected and analyzed for
each of the PFAS detected in exceedance of its MCL during annual monitoring.
The confirmation sample shall be collected within 2 weeks of notification from
the accredited laboratory performing the analysis of the MCL
exceedance.
(E)
Repeat and
performance monitoring for entry points with PFAS removal treatment.
Compliance monitoring shall be conducted annually at entry points with PFAS
treatment. Performance monitoring shall be conducted at least quarterly for the
specific PFAS for which treatment is provided.
(F)
Invalidation of PFAS
samples.
(I) The Department may
invalidate results of obvious sampling errors.
(II) A sample invalidated under this clause
does not count towards meeting the minimum monitoring requirements of this
subparagraph.
(G)
Compliance determinations. Compliance with the PFAS MCLs shall
be determined based on the analytical results obtained at each entry point. If
one entry point is in violation of an MCL, the system is in violation of the
MCL.
(I) For systems monitoring more than
once per year, compliance with the MCL is determined by a running annual
average of all samples taken at each entry point.
(II) If monitoring is conducted annually, the
system is out of compliance if the level of a contaminant at any entry point is
greater than the MCL. If a confirmation sample is collected as specified in
clause (D), compliance is determined using the average of the two sample
results.
(III) If any sample result
will cause the running annual average to exceed the MCL at any entry point, the
system is out of compliance with the MCL immediately.
(IV) If a system fails to collect the
required number of samples, compliance with the MCL will be based on the total
number of samples collected.
(V) If
a sample result is less than the MRL, zero will be used to calculate
compliance.
(2) Vended water systems shall monitor in
accordance with paragraph (1) except that vended water systems qualifying for
permit by rule under §
109.1005(b), for
each entry point shall:
(i) Monitor monthly
for microbiological contaminants.
(ii) Monitor annually for total dissolved
solids, lead and cadmium.
(iii)
Conduct special monitoring as required by the Department.
(iv) Beginning April 28, 2018, a system that
obtains finished water from another permitted public water system using surface
water or GUDI sources shall also monitor in accordance with paragraph
(1)(xiv).
(b)
Sampling requirements.
(1)
For bottled water and vended water systems, retail water facilities and bulk
water hauling systems, samples taken to determine compliance with subsection
(a) shall be taken from each entry point.
(i)
For bottled water systems, each entry point means each finished bottled water
product. If multiple sources are used for a product and are not blended prior
to bottling, the bottled water product for each source shall be considered a
different product for monitoring purposes.
(ii) For bulk water hauling systems, retail
water facilities and vended water systems, each entry point shall mean a point
of delivery to the consumer from each carrier vehicle, machine or dispenser
representative of each source.
(2) For the purpose of determining compliance
with the monitoring and analytical requirements established under this
subchapter, the Department will consider only those samples analyzed by a
laboratory accredited by the Department, except that measurements of turbidity,
fluoridation operation, residual disinfectant concentration, daily chlorite,
temperature and pH may be performed by a person meeting the requirements of
109.1008(c)
(relating to system management responsibilities).
(3) Sampling and analysis shall be performed
in accordance with analytical techniques adopted by the EPA under the Federal
act or methods approved by the Department in accordance with §
109.304.
(4) Compliance monitoring
samples for VOCs, as required under subsection (a)(1)(iii), shall be collected
by a person properly trained by a laboratory certified by the Department to
conduct VOC or vinyl chloride analysis.
(5) Compliance monitoring samples required
under subsection (a)(1)(iii) may be composited in accordance with
40 CFR
141.24(g)(7) (relating to
organic chemicals, sampling and analytical requirements) except:
(i) Samples from groundwater entry points may
not be composited with samples from surface water entry points.
(ii) Samples from one type of bottled water
product or vended water product may not be composited with samples from another
type of bottled water product or vended water product.
(iii) Samples used in compositing shall be
collected in duplicate.
(iv) If a
VOC listed under
40 CFR
141.61(a) is detected at an
entry point, samples from that entry point may not be composited for subsequent
compliance or repeat monitoring requirements.
(v) Samples obtained from an entry point
which contains water treated by a community water supplier or nontransient
noncommunity water supplier to specifically meet an MCL for a VOC listed under
40 CFR
141.61(a) may not be
composited with other entry point samples.
(6) [Reserved].
(c)
Repeat monitoring for
microbiological contaminants.
(1) If
a sample collected in accordance with subsection (a)(1)(i) or (2)(i) is found
to be total coliformpositive:
(i) The bottled
water system shall collect a set of three additional samples (check) from the
same lot or batch of the type of product.
(ii) The vended water, retail water facility
or bulk water hauling systems shall collect a set of three additional samples
(check) from the same entry point (machine, point of delivery or carrier
vehicle).
(2) Samples
shall be collected for analysis within 24 hours of being notified of the total
coliformpositive sample. The Department may extend this 24-hour collection
limit to a maximum of 72 hours if the system adequately demonstrates a
logistical problem outside the system's control in having the check samples
analyzed within 30 hours of collection. A logistical problem outside the
system's control may include a coliformpositive result received over a holiday
or weekend in which the services of a Department certified laboratory are not
available within the prescribed sample holding time.
(3) At a minimum, the system shall collect
one set of check samples for each total coliformpositive routine sample. If a
check sample is total coliformpositive, the public water system shall collect
additional check samples in the manner specified in this subsection. The system
shall continue to collect check samples until either total coliforms are not
detected in a set of check samples, or the system determines that an assessment
has been triggered under § 109.202(c)(4).
(d)
A bulk water hauling system that
serves at least 25 of the same persons year around. A bulk water
hauling system that is determined by the Department to serve at least 25 of the
same persons year round shall also comply with the monitoring requirements for
community water systems in accordance with
109.301.
(e)
A bulk water hauling system,
vended water system or retail water facility that serves at least 25 of the
same persons over 6 months per year. A bulk water hauling system,
vended water system or retail water facility that is determined by the
Department to serve at least 25 of the same persons over 6 months per year
shall also comply with the monitoring requirements for nontransient
noncommunity water systems in accordance with § 109.301.
(f)
Additional monitoring
requirements for surface water and GUDI sources. Bottled water and
vended water systems, retail water facilities and bulk water hauling systems
shall comply with the monitoring requirements under Subchapter L (relating to
long-term 2 enhanced surface water treatment rule).
(g)
Additional monitoring
requirements for groundwater sources. Bottled water and vended water
systems, retail water facilities and bulk water hauling systems shall comply
with the monitoring requirements under Subchapter M (relating to additional
requirements for groundwater sources).
(h)
Compliance
determinations. Compliance with MCLs, MRDLs and treatment techniques
shall be determined in accordance with §§ 109.202 and
109.301.
(i)
Special
monitoring requirements. Bottled water and vended water systems,
retail water facilities and bulk water hauling systems shall comply with
109.302
(relating to special monitoring requirements).
Notes
The provisions of this § 109.1003 amended under section 4 of the Pennsylvania Safe Drinking Water Act (35 P.S. § 721.4); and section 1920-A of The Administrative Code of 1929 (71 P.S. § 510-20).
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