(a)
Initial round of source water monitoring. A system shall
conduct the following monitoring on the schedule in subsection (c) unless it
meets the monitoring exemption criteria in subsection (d):
(1) Filtered systems serving at least 10,000
people shall sample their source water for Cryptosporidium, E.
coli and turbidity at least monthly for 24 months.
(2) Unfiltered systems serving at least
10,000 people shall sample their source water for
Cryptosporidium at least monthly for 24 months.
(3) Filtered systems serving less than 10,000
people shall sample their source water for E. coli at least
once every 2 weeks for 12 months. A filtered system serving less than 10,000
people may avoid E. coli monitoring if the system notifies the
Department that it will monitor for Cryptosporidium as
described in paragraph (4). The system shall notify the Department no later
than 3 months prior to the date the system is otherwise required to start
E. coli monitoring under subsection (c).
(4) Filtered systems serving less than 10,000
people shall sample their source water for
Cryptosporidium at
least twice per month for 12 months or at least monthly for 24 months if they
meet one of the following subparagraphs, based on monitoring conducted under
paragraph (3):
(i) For systems using
lake/reservoir sources, the annual mean E. coli concentration
is greater than 100 E. coli /100 mL.
(ii) For systems using flowing stream
sources, the annual mean E. coli concentration is greater than
100 E. coli /100 mL.
(iii) The system does not conduct E.
coli monitoring as described in paragraph (3).
(iv) Systems using groundwater sources under
the direct influence of surface water (GUDI) shall comply with this paragraph
based on the E. coli level that applies to the nearest surface
water body. If no surface water body is nearby, the system shall comply based
on the requirements that apply to systems using lake/reservoir
sources.
(5) For filtered
systems serving less than 10,000 people, the Department may approve monitoring
for an indicator other than
E. coli under paragraph (3). The
Department also may approve an alternative to the
E. coli
concentration in paragraph (4)(i), (ii) or (iv) to trigger
Cryptosporidium monitoring. This approval by the Department
would be based on EPA-supported research indicating the validity of an
alternative to
E. coli. The Department will provide this
approval to the system in writing and will include the basis for the
Department's determination that the alternative indicator, trigger level, or
both, will provide a more accurate identification of whether a system will
exceed the Bin 1
Cryptosporidium level in §
109.1203(c)
(relating to bin classification and treatment technique
requirements).
(6) Unfiltered
systems serving less than 10,000 people shall sample their source water for
Cryptosporidium at least twice per month for 12 months or at
least monthly for 24 months.
(7)
Systems may sample more frequently than required under this section if the
sampling frequency is evenly spaced throughout the monitoring period.
(b)
Second round of source
water monitoring. Systems shall conduct a second round of source
water monitoring that meets the requirements for monitoring parameters,
frequency, and duration described in subsection (a), unless they meet the
monitoring exemption criteria in subsection (d). Systems shall conduct this
monitoring on the schedule in subsection (c).
(c)
Source water monitoring schedule.
Systems shall begin the monitoring required in subsections (a) and
(b) as follows:
(1) At least 100,000 people:
(i) Begin the first round of source water
monitoring no later than the month beginning October 1, 2006.
(ii) Begin the second round of source water
monitoring at least 6 years after submitting the initial bin classification but
no later than the month beginning April 1, 2015.
(2) From 50,000 to 99,999 people:
(i) Begin the first round of source water
monitoring no later than the month beginning April 1, 2007.
(ii) Begin the second round of source water
monitoring at least 6 years after submitting the initial bin classification but
no later than the month beginning October 1, 2015.
(3) From 10,000 to 49,999 people:
(i) Begin the first round of source water
monitoring no later than the month beginning April 1, 2008.
(ii) Begin the second round of source water
monitoring at least 6 years after submitting the initial bin classification but
no later than the month beginning October 1, 2016.
(4) Less than 10,000 people and monitor for E
coli:
(i) Begin the first round of source
water monitoring no later than the month beginning October 1, 2008.
(ii) Begin the second round of source water
monitoring at least 6 years after submitting the initial bin classification but
no later than the month beginning October 1, 2017.
(5) Less than 10,000 and monitor for
Cryptosporidium:
(i) Begin
the first round of source water monitoring no later than the month beginning
April 1, 2010.
(ii) Begin the
second round of source water monitoring at least 6 years after submitting the
initial bin classification but no later than the month beginning April 1,
2019.
(d)
Source water monitoring avoidance.
(1)
5.5 log treatment. A
filtered system is not required to conduct source water monitoring under this
subchapter if the system will provide a total of at least 5.5-log of treatment
for
Cryptosporidium, equivalent to meeting the treatment
requirements of Bin 4 in §
109.1203.
(2)
Notification. If a
system chooses to provide the level of treatment in paragraph (1), as
applicable, rather than start source water monitoring, the system shall notify
the Department in writing no later than the date the system is otherwise
required to submit a sampling schedule for monitoring under subsections
(h)-(j). Alternatively, a system may choose to stop sampling at any point after
it has initiated monitoring if it notifies the Department in writing that it
will provide this level of treatment. Systems shall install and operate
technologies to provide this level of treatment by the applicable treatment
compliance date in § 109.1203(k)-(o).
(e)
Plants operating only part of the
year. Public water systems supplied by a surface water source and
public water systems supplied by a groundwater source under the direct
influence of surface water that operate for only part of the year shall conduct
source water monitoring in accordance with this subchapter, but with the
following modifications:
(1) Systems shall
sample their source water only during the months that the plant operates unless
the Department specifies another monitoring period based on plant operating
practices.
(2) Systems with plants
that operate less than 6 months per year and that monitor for
Cryptosporidium shall collect at least six
Cryptosporidium samples per year during each of 2 years of
monitoring. Samples must be evenly spaced throughout the period the plant
operates or is anticipated to operate.
(f)
New sources.
(1) A system that intends to use a new source
of surface water or GUDI after the system is required to begin monitoring under
subsection (c) shall monitor the new source on a schedule the Department
approves. Any source that has not been monitored according to the requirements
of this subchapter will be considered to be a new source. Source water
monitoring for new sources must meet the requirements of this subchapter. The
system shall also meet the bin classification and
Cryptosporidium treatment requirements of §
109.1203(a)-(j),
as applicable, for the new source on a schedule approved by the Department.
Sources that have not been monitored according to the requirements of this
subchapter will be considered to be Bin 4 until monitoring is adequately
completed. No later than the applicable
Cryptosporidium
compliance dates specified in §
109.1203(k),
systems wishing to use sources that have not been monitored shall meet the Bin
4 treatment requirements of §
109.1203(a)-(j)
unless otherwise indicated by the Department.
(2) The requirements of this subsection apply
to public water systems supplied by a surface water source or groundwater
source under the direct influence of surface water that begin operation after
the monitoring start date applicable to the system's size under subsection
(c).
(3) The system shall begin a
second round of source water monitoring no later than 6 years following initial
bin classification under §
109.1203 or determination of the
Cryptosporidium level under §
109.1203(i) and
(j), as applicable.
(g)
Monitoring violations.
Failure to collect any source water sample required under this section in
accordance with the sampling schedule, sampling location, analytical method,
approved laboratory and reporting requirements of this subsection, §§
109.304 and
109.1206(a)-(e)
(relating to analytical requirements; and reporting and recordkeeping
requirements) is a monitoring violation.
(h)
Source water sampling
schedules. Systems required to conduct source water monitoring under
subsections (a)-(g) shall submit a sampling schedule that specifies the
calendar dates when the system will collect each required sample.
(1) Systems shall submit sampling schedules
no later than 3 months prior to the applicable date listed in subsection (c)
for each round of required monitoring.
(2) A system must comply with the following:
(i) A system serving at least 10,000 people
shall submit its sampling schedule for the initial round of source water
monitoring under subsection (a) to the EPA electronically at
https://intranet.epa.gov/lt2/.
(ii)
If a system is unable to submit the sampling schedule electronically, the
system may use an alternative approach for submitting the sampling schedule
that the EPA approves.
(3) A system serving less than 10,000 people
shall submit its sampling schedules for the initial round of source water
monitoring under subsection (a) to the Department.
(4) Systems shall submit sampling schedules
for the second round of source water monitoring under subsection (b) to the
Department.
(5) If the EPA or the
Department does not respond to a system regarding its sampling schedule, the
system shall sample at the reported schedule.
(i)
Source water sample collection
period. Systems shall collect samples within 2 days before or 2 days
after the dates indicated in their sampling schedule (that is, within a 5 day
period around the schedule date) unless one of the conditions of paragraph (1)
or (2) applies.
(1)
Extreme sample
collection conditions. If an extreme condition or situation exists
that may pose danger to the sample collector, or that cannot be avoided and
causes the system to be unable to sample in the scheduled 5-day period, the
system shall sample as close to the scheduled date as is feasible unless the
Department approves an alternative sampling date. The system shall submit an
explanation for the delayed sampling date to the Department concurrent with the
shipment of the sample to the laboratory.
(2)
Replacement samples. The
requirements for replacement samples are as follows:
(i) If a system is unable to report a valid
analytical result for a scheduled sampling date due to equipment failure, loss
of or damage to the sample, failure to comply with the analytical method
requirements, including the quality control requirements in §
109.304, or the failure of an
approved laboratory to analyze the sample, then the system shall collect a
replacement sample.
(ii) The system
shall collect the replacement sample not later than 21 days after receiving
information that an analytical result cannot be reported for the scheduled date
unless the system demonstrates that collecting a replacement sample within this
time frame is not feasible or the Department approves an alternative resampling
date. The system shall submit an explanation for the delayed sampling date to
the Department concurrent with the shipment of the sample to the
laboratory.
(j)
Missed samples. Systems that fail to meet the criteria of
subsection (i) for any source water sample required under subsections (a)-(g)
shall revise their sampling schedules to add dates for collecting all missed
samples. Systems shall submit the revised schedule to the Department for
approval prior to when the system begins collecting the missed
samples.
(k)
Source water
sampling locations. Systems required to conduct source water
monitoring under subsections (a)-(g) shall collect samples for each plant that
treats a surface water or GUDI source. When multiple plants draw water from the
same influent, such as the same pipe or intake, the Department may approve one
set of monitoring results to be used to satisfy the requirements of subsections
(a)-(g) for all plants.
(l)
Source water sample locations for plants with chemical
treatment. Systems shall collect source water samples prior to
chemical treatment, such as coagulants, oxidants and disinfectants.
(m)
Source water sample location for
plants that recycle. Systems that recycle filter backwash water shall
collect source water samples prior to the point of filter backwash water
addition.
(n)
Source water
sample locations for systems with bank filtration.
(1) Systems that receive
Cryptosporidium treatment credit for bank filtration to meet
existing treatment technique requirements of §
109.202(c)
(relating to State MCLs, MRDLs and treatment technique requirements), as
applicable, shall collect source water samples in the surface water prior to
bank filtration.
(2) Systems that
use bank filtration as pretreatment to a filtration plant shall collect source
water samples from the well (that is, after bank filtration). Use of bank
filtration during monitoring must be consistent with routine operational
practice. Systems collecting samples after a bank filtration process may not
receive treatment credit for the bank filtration under §
109.1204(f)
(relating to requirements for microbial toolbox
components).
(o)
Source water sample locations for systems with multiple
sources. Systems with plants that use multiple water sources,
including multiple surface water sources and blended surface water and
groundwater sources, shall collect samples as specified in paragraph (1) or
(2). The use of multiple sources during monitoring shall be consistent with
routine operational practice. Sources not adequately evaluated during the
monitoring period will be considered new sources and the requirements under
subsection (f) will apply. Systems may begin monitoring a new source as soon as
a sampling schedule and plan have been approved by the Department.
(1) If a sampling tap is available where the
sources are combined prior to treatment, systems shall collect samples from the
tap.
(2) If a sampling tap where
the sources are combined prior to treatment is not available, systems shall
collect samples at each source near the intake on the same day and shall follow
either subparagraph (i) or (ii) for sample analysis.
(i) Systems may composite samples from each
source into one sample prior to analysis. The volume of sample from each source
must be weighted according to the proportion of the source in the total plant
flow at the time the sample is collected.
(ii) Systems may analyze samples from each
source separately and calculate a weighted average of the analysis results for
each sampling date. The weighted average must be calculated by multiplying the
analysis result for each source by the fraction the source contributed to total
plant flow at the time the sample was collected and then summing these values.
(p)
Additional requirements. A system shall submit a description
of its sampling locations to the Department at the same time as the sampling
schedule required under subsections (h)-(j). This description must address the
position of the sampling location in relation to the system's water sources and
treatment processes, including pretreatment, points of chemical treatment and
filter backwash recycle. If the Department does not respond to a system
regarding sampling locations, the system shall sample at the reported
locations.